作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如强调其中的个体，谓语动词用复数。 eg：The family is the basic unit of our society. His family are waiting for him.
3、在“one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”中，如果定语从句的先行词是复数名词，定语从句中的谓语动词用
复数形式；但在“the only one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”中，定语从句的先行词是the only one，从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。 eg：This is one of the most difficult questions that have been asked and Sally is the only one of the girl who is able to answer it.
4、两个作主语的名词或代词有or，neither…nor，either…or，not only…but also等连接时，谓语动词要和后一
个名词或代词保持一致。如果是疑问式则以前面的主语为准，即就近原则。 eg：Either you or I am wrong. Either I or you are wrong. Am either I or you wrong?
5、all，most，some，rest，none等不定代词或表示数量的短语a lot of，lots of，plenty of，half of，part of及
分数、百分数等与名词连用作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于名词的数。如指的是复数概念，谓语动词用复数，如指的是单数概念，谓语动词用单数。 eg：All is right and all are present.
Lots of damage was caused by the fire. One-third of people present are women.
About 30 percent of the pupils were absent that day.
Nearly 70% of the fund was supplied by the Government. 6、“the + 形容词”作主语时，通常指一类人，谓语用复数。但也可指个别或抽象概念（the true，the good，
the beautiful，the right，the wrong，the false），此时谓语用单数。 eg：The old are more likely to catch cold than the young.
The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always the true.
7、what引导名词从句作主语时，谓语动词依据意义一致的原则，按所指代的内容确定谓语动词的单复数。 eg：What is easy to some people is often difficult to others. What we’ve bought are just some household supplies.
8、由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句做主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从
句，谓语动词用单数。
eg：When the meeting will begin and who will attend have not been decided yet. When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided. 9、a kind of，a pair of等加名词时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。“复数名词 + of this kind”作主语时，谓语用
复数。eg：A pair of new glasses is quite expensive.
This kind of men is dangerous. → Men of this kind are dangerous. 10、“a quantity of + 不可数名词”后用单数式，“quantities of +不可数名词”后用复数式。 eg：Large quantities of money have been spent on her clothes. 语法专练：
1. ---Did you go to the show last night?
---Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area invited. A. were B. have been C. has been D. was
2. We live day by day, but in the great things, the time of days and weeks so small that a day is unimportant. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been
3. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area. A. need repairing B. needs to repair C. needs repairing D. need to repair
4. A survey of the opinions of experts that three hours of outdoor exercise a week good for one’s health
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A. show; are B. shows; is C. show; is D. shows; are
5. The father as well as his three children skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter. A. is going B. go C. goes D. are going
6. A poet and artist coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. A. is B. are C. was D. were
7. Most of what has been said about the Smiths also true of the Johnsons. A. are B. is C. being D. to be
8. The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third used regularly. Now we have 60 working all day long.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
9. Not only the old man but also the cattle nothing for a whole day. A. has eaten B. have eaten C. eats D. eat
10. Mr. Wang, together with his wife, abroad and will come back next month. A. has been B. have been C. has gone D. have gone
11. ---The number of students in our school been increasing year by year. ---That’s because a large number of students come from the countryside. A. has; has B. has; have C. have; have D. have; has
12. This is one of the most valuable dictionaries that appeared in recent years, and Tom is the only one of the students who one in our class.
A. has; have B. have; has C. has; has D. have; have
13. Two hundred and fifty dollars too high a price for such a pair of glasses. A. is B. are C. can’t D. won’t
14. The teacher, including his students, see the film.
A. are going to B. don’t C. is going to D. doesn’t
15. No one can change the natural law that the new sure to take the place of the old. A. is B. are C. will D. has
16. All possible means to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used 17. The secretary and the monitor asked to attend the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were 18. All work and no play Jack a dull boy.
A. makes B. make C. has made D. have made
Ⅳ. 动词-ing形式作主语和宾语
动词-ing形式可以用作名词，即动名词，并可构成动名词的复合结构在句中作主语，动词或介词的宾语。 一、动名词作主语和宾语有以下重点
1、动名词有主被动之分，在作主语或宾语时要注意动名词与其逻辑主语之间的关系。 eg：Collecting stamps is my hobby.
I don’t mind being seated as a green hand. I suggest him taking measures at once.
2、动名词可单独或构成复合结构作主语和宾语。 eg：Being lost can be a terrifying experience. Have you finished writing your composition? We must prevent them from making trouble. She insisted on your going there first.
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The student’s making the same mistake again made the teacher very angry.
在上面的最后两例中，使用了动名词的复合结构：在动名词前加物主代词或名词所有格，它们是动名词逻辑上的主语，动名词是其逻辑上的谓语。这种结构如作宾语用，其中的物主代词常用人称代词的宾格，名词的所有格常用普通格代替。
eg：She insisted on your going there first. →She insisted on you going there first. She insisted on Tom’s going there first. →She insisted on Tom going there first.
但是，在句子开头必须用名词所有格或物主代词。如果动名词的复合结构作宾语，其逻辑主语是无生命的名词时，用普通格。eg：His coming made me very happy. (不能说He coming…) Mary’s crying annoyed him. (不能说Mary crying…)
He insists on the plan being carried out. (不能说…the plan’s being carried out.)
1直接作主语或宾语；○2使用it作形式主语或宾语，而把真正充当主3、动名词作主语或宾语都有两种形式：○
语或宾语的动名词或动名词复合结构后置。作主语时常用“It is + n. / adj. + doing”结构。作宾语时使用“主语 + 谓语 + it + n. / adj. + doing”结构。 eg：It is no use talking like this.
Do you consider it any good trying again? I found it useless / no use arguing about it. 二、动名词作主语和宾语有以下难点
1、对动名词和不定式在作主语和宾语时基本含义的理解。
动名词和不定式在作主语和宾语时有很多情况下意义很接近，并没有明显的差别，但就一般规律而言，动名词作主语和宾语往往表示习惯性、泛指、经常性、不具体的动作，而不定式则表示一次性、特指、未来、具体的动作。 eg：I like playing football but I don’t like to play this afternoon.
而像remember，forget，regret，stop等后接宾语时，则差别很大；接动名词时表示已经做过或正在做的事，接不定式时则表示将要去做的事。eg：I regret to say that I am unable to help you.
She regretted not going there with her classmates.
She reached the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock. 2、只能用动名词作宾语的动词。
这类词易与后接不定式的词组相混淆，因此就成了动名词作宾语时最难解决的问题。admit，advise，allow，appreciate，avoid，celebrate，complete，consider，delay，deny，dislike，enjoy，escape，excuse，explain，face，finish，forgive，include，imagine，keep，mind，miss，mention，practice，recall，resist，risk，suggest，stand，understand。 eg：We often practice speaking English after class. We naturally dislike being hurt.
Foreign words keep coming into English. 3、只能用动名词作宾语的动词词组。
只要是以介词结尾的动词短语后面都应接动名词作宾语，如think of，dream of，fell like，set about，give up，depend on，succeed in，have difficulty in。这类词大多有介词作标记，因而易于运用。 eg：I feel like have some dumplings.
After supper Mary set about clearing the table.
但以介词to结尾的动词短语往往会与不定式符号to相混淆，而误当成不定式，这类词要特别注意。如：be / get / become used to“习惯于”，be / become / get accustomed to“惯于，有??习惯”，be addicted to“沉溺于”，devote oneself to / be devoted to“致力于，忠诚于”，get down to“着手做”，lead to“导致”，look forward to“盼望”，stick to“坚持”，pay attention to“注意”。 eg：They have come here to get down to repairing the roads. This dictionary is devoted to explaining word usage.
4、同一个动词既可以跟动名词也可以跟不定式作宾语，但含义差别很大。 这类词有：mean doing sth“意味着??”，mean to do sth“打算做??”；try doing sth“试着做??”，try to do sth“尽力做??”；go on doing sth“继续做同一件事”，go on to do sth“接着做另一件事”；can’t help doing
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sth“情不自禁地做某事”，can’t help to do sth“不能帮助做某事”。
eg：I usually go there by train, and nest time I’ll try going by boat for a change. He tried installing his computer and succeeded at last. Do not try to cover a mistake.
5、同一个动词后接动名词与不定式意义相同但结构不同。
这类词主要用need，require，want等，作“需要”解，其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语，表示事情需要做。 eg：The window needs / requires / wants cleaning / to be cleaned. 6、通常用动名词作主语的句型。
It’s no use doing sth“做??没有用”；It’s no good doing sth“做??没有好处”。这两个结构中用it作形式主语，用动名词作真正的主语。 eg：It’s no use pretending you didn’t know.
It’s no good sighing about your failure, it is better to start again. 语法专练：
1. I hear they’ve promoted Tom, but he didn’t mention when we talked on the phone. A. to promote B. having been promoted C. having promoted D. to be promoted 2. Something as simple as some cold water may clear your mind and relive pressure. A. to drink B. drinking C. to be drinking D. drunk 3. ---Robert is indeed a wise man.
---Oh, yes. How often I have regretted his advice! A. to take B. taking C. not to take D. not taking 4. ---Can I smoke here?
---Sorry. We don’t allow here.
A. people smoking B. people smoke C. to smoke D. smoking 5. You can’t imagine what difficulty we had home in the snowstorm. A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking
6. All the staff in our company are considering to the city centre for the fashion show. A. to go B. going C. to have gone D. having gone
7. As a result of serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area .
A. need repairing B. needs to repair C. needs repairing D. need to repair
8. I can’t stand with Jane in the same office. She just refuses talking while she works. A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop 9. Eugene’s never willing to alter any of his opinions. It’s no use with him. A. to argue B. arguing C. argued D. having argued
10. If you think that treating a woman well means always her permission for things, think again. A. gets B. got C. to get D. getting
11. Would you like this job? In fact, it doesn’t feel like a job; it feels like with friends every night. A. to try; getting together B. to try; to get together C. trying; getting together D. trying; to get together 12. The old man’s pity on the snake led to his own death. A. take B. taking C. being taken D. have 13. Excuse me for in without . A. coming; asking B. coming; being asked C. to come; asking D. to come; being 14. ---I regret you I can’t come this evening. ---But I clearly remember you to phone me.
A. to tell; to promise B. to tell; promising C. telling; to promise D. telling; promised 15. We can’t understand such useless things as his hobby.
A. him to enjoy to collect B. his enjoying to collect C. him to enjoy collecting D. his enjoying collecting
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