2015年二模 C篇 Kiwi
【宝山】
A rapidly advancing contemporary science that is highly dependent on new tools is Earth system science. Earth system science involves observation and measurements on the Earth at all scales from the largest to the smallest. The huge amounts of data that are gathered come from
many different locations and require special techniques for handling data. Important new tools that facilitate Earth system science include satellite remote sensing, small deep-sea submarines, and geographic information systems.
More than any other way of gathering evidence, satellite observations continually remind us that each part of the Earth interacts with and is dependent on all other parts. Earth system science was born from the realization of that interdependence. Satellite remote sensing makes possible observations at large scales, and in many cases, measurements of factors that could not otherwise be measured. For example, the ozone hole over Antarctica--the decrease in the concentration of ozone high in the atmosphere--is measured by remote sensing, as are changes in deserts, forests, and farmlands around the world. Such measurements can be used in many areas of specialization besides Earth system science. Archaeology, for example, has benefited from satellite observations that reveal the traces of ancient trade routes across the Arabian Desert.
New tools for exploring previously inaccessible areas of the Earth have also added greatly to our knowledge of the Earth system. Small deep-sea submarines allow scientists to travel to the depths of the ocean. There they have discovered new species and ecosystems thriving near deep-sea vents that emit heat, sasses, and mineral-rich water.
Just as important as new methods of measurement and exploration are new ways to store and analyze data about the Earth system. Computer-based software programs known as
geographic information systems, or GIS, allow a large number of data points to be stored along with their locations. These can be used to produce maps and to compare different sets of
information gathered at different times. For example, satellite remote sensing images of a forest can be converted to represent stages in the forest's growth. Two such images, made at different times can be overlaid and compared, and the changes that have taken place can be represented in a new image.
74. The word \ A. enable B. require C. organize D. examine 75. The author of the passage mentions that satellite observations are especially effective in ________.
A. conducting scientific studies of life on the ocean floor
B. predicting future climate changes C. providing data to determine Earth's age D. demonstrating interactions among all of Earth's parts
76. According to the passage, satellite observations of the Arabian Desert allow archaeologists to know ________.
A). indications of ancient routes B. evidence of former lakes C. traces of early farms D. remains of ancient forests 77.What is the main idea of the passage?
A. special techniques are needed to classify the huge amounts of data about Earth. B. New tools provide information about Earth that was once impossible to obtain. C. Advances in Earth system science have resolved many environmental problems.
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2015年二模 C篇 Kiwi
D. Satellite remote sensing can show changes between two images taken years apart.
【崇明】
Ask a group of elderly people what it was about their lives that made them happiest overall, and they‘ll probably mention some warm relationships with family and friends. If you‘re satisfied with your social life, according to psychologists, you tend to be satisfied with life in general.
From the point of my 50s, I‘d say that sounds about right. Some of my happiest moments are the ones I spend with my husband, a few close relatives, and a handful of very good friends who know me well and like me anyway. But the more I read about how social media are interfering with (干扰) good old-fashioned friendship, creating virtual bonds that can‘t quite take the place of real ones, the more I wonder just how today‘s 20-somethings will look back on their own lives when they‘re my age.
After all, much crucial relationship building work is done in the 20s. According to research by the late Bernice Neugarten of the University of Chicago, who helped launch the academic study of human development, people choose most of their adult relationships, both friends and lovers, between the ages of 22 and 28. The friends we make in our 20s are not only best friends forever; they‘re also our first truly chosen friends. And choosing how to commit to these friendships is an essential psychological task of the 20s.
But with so much of friendship in this age group now being developed online, an essential question is what the effect of that interaction is. A study, conducted in 2010 by Craig Watkins and Erin Lee of the University of Texas at Austin, investigated the Facebook habits of 776 young people between the ages of 18 and 35. ―Whether it is a wall post, a comment, or a photo,‖ they wrote, ―young people‘s engagement with Facebook is driven, primarily, by a desire to stay connected to and involved in the lives of friends who live close by, far away, or have just entered into their lives.‖
This kind of constant contact can be efficient, but it can also be upsetting. For one thing, it adds a new layer of concern to a young person‘s already-heightened awareness of social ranking, giving appearance-conscious young people yet another thing to worry about. ―I see other 20-somethings feeling pressured to constantly keep up a public image, especially a public image online,‖ wrote Ariana Allensworth on the group blog. ―Folks are always keeping the world informed one way or another about what they‘re up to, where they‘re at, what projects they‘re working on. It can be a bit much at times.‖ Not the most fertile ground for real-world friendship. 74. According to the passage, the 20s is an age for people to _____. A. have a good public image B. keep themselves informed C. look back on their own lives D. develop critical relationships 75. Which of the following is a disadvantage of making friends online? A. It makes people pay less attention to social ranking. B. It robs people of the happy moments spent with friends. C. It keeps people away from their family and close relatives. D. It prevents people from keeping in contact with their friends.
76. What was the aim of the study conducted by Craig Watkins and Erin Lee? A. To know about the 776 young people‘s Facebook habits. B. To find out how social media affect real-world social life. C. To help young people stay connected to the lives of friends.
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2015年二模 C篇 Kiwi
D. To investigate what kind of people prefer online interactions. 77. The author may agree that _____.
A. old-fashioned friendship can help create virtual bonds B. there‘s no need for young people to make online friends C. real-world friendship is a better choice for young people D. online friendship is an inevitable trend in the modern world
【奉贤】
―The Heart of the Matter,‖ the newly-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for attaching the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report‘s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.
In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by federal states and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors(捐助者) and others to maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education. In response, the AAAS formed the Committee on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the Committee‘s 51 members are top-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as distinguished figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.
The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because the government supports full literacy (识字) of citizens, the report stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the introduction of a series of curricula that improve students‘ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning into practice on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.
Unfortunately, despite 2 years in the making, \of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The committee ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don‘t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing ―progressive‖.
Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legal intellectual investigation.
The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well hold back reform by obscuring(遮蔽) the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to clarify.
74. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to ___________.
A. maintain people‘s interest in liberal education
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2015年二模 C篇 Kiwi
B. define the government‘s role in education C. keep a leading position in liberal education D. safeguard individuals‘ rights to education
75. Which one of the following statements about what the AAAS plan suggests is true ?
A. An exclusive study of American history. B. A greater emphasis on theoretical subjects. C. The application of emerging technologies. D. Funding for the study of foreign languages.
76. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________.
A. professors are routinely supportive of free markets
B. intellectual investigation are put great value on in college C. progressive public policy is out of boundaries of proper study D. professors have prejudice against classical liberal ideas
77. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. The AAAS‘s Contribution to Liberal Education B. Illiberal Education and ―The Heart of the Matter‖ C. Ways to Grasp ―The Heart of the Matter‖― D. Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education
【虹口】
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought (干旱) in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an extremely dry place in the southwest of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50℃ are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps look like grains of sand both in size and appearance. When enough spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch. Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms (有机物）which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates(蒸发). Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the 13th day, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If enough rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is not enough rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another years, or even longer if necessary.
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