GWD_CR_大全
GWD6-Q32:
Proposal: Carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere block the escape of heat into space. So emission of these
―greenhouse‖ gases contributes to global warming. In order to reduce global warming, emission of greenhouse gases needs to be reduced. Therefore, the methane now emitted from open landfills should instead be burned to produce electricity. Objection: The burning of methane generates carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere. Which of the following, if true, most adequately counters the objection made to the proposal?
A. Every time a human being or other mammal exhales, there is some carbon dioxide released into the air. B. The conversion of methane to electricity would occur at a considerable distance from the landfills.
C. The methane that is used to generate electricity would generally be used as a substitute for a fuel that does not
produce any greenhouse gases when burned. D. Methane in the atmosphere is more effective in blocking the escape of heat from the Earth than is carbon dioxide. E. The amount of methane emitted from the landfills could be reduced if the materials whose decomposition produces
methane were not discarded, but recycled.
建议者说燃烧甲烷可以减小温室效应；反对者说燃烧甲烷产生二氧化碳－>温室效应；题干问反对反对者； D说甲烷比二氧化碳产生的温室效应更厉害，也就是说燃烧还是能减少温室效应的。
E说如果将分解甲烷的原料循环使用，产生的甲烷会减少。这个明显不在原文的逻辑推理范围当中，和反对者的话没关系，是beyond scope。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ GWD6-Q33:
Crowding on Mooreville‘s subway frequently leads to delays, because it is difficult for passengers to exit from the trains. Subway ridership is projected to increase by 20 percent over the next 10 years. The Metroville Transit Authority plans to increase the number of daily train trips by only 5 percent over the same period. Officials predict that this increase is sufficient to ensure that the incidence of delays due to crowding does not increase. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the officials‘ prediction?
A. By changing maintenance schedules, the Transit Authority can achieve the 5 percent increase in train trips without
purchasing any new subway cars. B. The Transit Authority also plans a 5 percent increase in the number of bus trips on routes that connect to subways. C. For most commuters who use the subway system, there is no practical alternative public transportation available. D. Most of the projected increase in ridership is expected to occur in off-peak hours when trains are now sparsely used. E. The 5 percent increase in the number of train trips can be achieved without an equal increase in Transit Authority
operational costs. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ GWD6-Q38:
Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications. If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere. In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business. Which of the following is an assumption on which the author‘s argument relies?
A. None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of
the product. B. It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing
specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies. C. Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry.
D. Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex
than current assembly procedures.
E. None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match
those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GWD6-Q40:
It is theoretically possible that bacteria developed on Mars early in its history and that some were carried to Earth by a meteorite. However, strains of bacteria from different planets would probably have substantial differences in protein
structure that would persist over time, and no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets. So, even if bacteria did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out. The argument is most vulnerable to which of the following criticisms?
A. It fails to establish whether bacteria actually developed on Mars.
B. It fails to establish how likely it is that Martian bacteria were transported to Earth.
C. It fails to consider whether there were means other than meteorites by which Martian bacteria could have been
carried to Earth. D. It fails to consider whether all bacteria now on Earth could have arisen from transported Martian bacteria. E. It fails to consider whether there could have been strains of bacteria that originated on Earth and later died out.
逻辑虽然很难判断哪些不重要，但是有些信息一定重要。Argument的结论是So, even if bacteria
did arrive on Earth from Mars, they must have died out。论据是，no two bacterial strains on Earth are different enough to have arisen on different planets。提出另外一种可能来削弱。
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GWD-TN-5 GWD7-Q5:
Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston‘s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The number of school nurses employed by Renston‘s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years. B. Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other
substances.
C. Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they
were ten years ago. D. The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston. E. Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston‘s population now than they did
ten years ago.
B and C are clearly different.
B is not relevant to the original argument.
C, on the other hand, is an assumption of the original argument. Try deny C, we get \ildren who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.\reported increase by nurses, and the original argument that \ldren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago\tion, and the best answer。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ GWD7-Q14:
Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi‘s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi‘s air quality. Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi‘s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi‘s air-quality problem.
Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts‘ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi‘s air-quality problem?
A. Automobile emissions are the largest single source of air pollution.
B. Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system. C. Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.
D. Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age. E. The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ GWD7-Q17:
Of patients over 65 years old who survived coronary bypass surgery—a procedure widely prescribed for people with heart disease—only 75 percent benefited from the surgery. Thus it appears that for one in four such patients, the doctors who advised them to undergo this surgery, with its attendant risks and expense, were more interested in an opportunity to practice their skills and in their fee than in helping the patient.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
A. Many of the patients who receive coronary bypass surgery are less than 55 years old.
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