14: GWD-18-Q30
The ancient Nubians inhabited an area in which typhus occurs, yet surprisingly few of their skeletons show the usual
evidence of this disease. The skeletons do show deposits of tetracycline, an antibiotic produced by a bacterium common in Nubian soil. This bacterium can flourish on the dried grain used for making two staples of the Nubian diet, beer and bread. Thus, tetracycline in their food probably explains the low incidence of typhus among ancient Nubians. Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
A. Infectious diseases other than typhus to which the ancient Nubians were exposed are unaffected by tetracycline. B. Tetracycline is not rendered ineffective as an antibiotic by exposure to the processes involved in making bread and
beer. C. Typhus cannot be transmitted by ingesting bread or beer contaminated with the infectious agents of this disease. D. Bread and beer were the only items in the diet of the ancient Nubians which could have contained tetracycline. E. Typhus is generally fatal.
某病在某区常发生，但居民不生病。居民骨头有某抗生素残留，此抗生素可被泥土里的细菌生产。此细菌可在两主要食物中flourish
结论：因此，食物中的抗生素使居民不生病。（细菌->抗生素->食物->不生病）
Gap: 细菌可在食物里flourish,可是抗生素能吗？是抗生素使不生病，不是细菌，所以概念转换的gap存在。 假设：B
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21. GWD21-Q21:
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Mastitis is an infection of the udder in cows that, although not dangerous, causes them to give poor-quality milk. Most cases of mastitis are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, against which antibiotics are ineffective. However, a related bacterium, Staphylococcus simulans, quickly clears up even severe infections of S. aureus simply by displacing the bacteria. S. simulans is nevertheless unlikely to become the preferred treatment for cases of mastitis, since ______.
A. certain dangerous bacteria that normally cannot take hold can do so in the presence of S. simulans
B. the current resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics derives in part from a past pattern of overuse of those antibiotics C. the milk from cows infected with S. aureus is generally not of such poor quality as to be entirely unusable D. careful farming practice can reduce the incidence of mastitis to a minimum
E. the only symptom of mild cases of mastitis is the deterioration in the quality of the milk produced 结论：SS不会被用来治疗M病。特殊性：是不用SS，不是其他，是治疗M病，不是干其他事情。 原因：应该涉及SS和M.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22. GWD-18-Q38
A survey of entrepreneurs who started companies last year shows that while virtually all did substantial preparatory research and planning, only half used that work to produce a formal business plan. Since, on average, the entrepreneurs without formal plans secured the capital they needed in half the time of those with plans, these survey results indicate that, in general, formal plans did not help the entrepreneurs who produced them to secure the capital they needed. Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Companies started by entrepreneurs who had used formal business plans to attract investment were on the whole
as profitable in their first year as were companies started by entrepreneurs who had not produced such plans. 无关 B. In surveys of entrepreneurs who have attempted without success to raise sufficient capital, more than half of the
respondents indicate that they have produced a formal business plan. 增强 C. Among the entrepreneurs surveyed, those who did not produce formal business plans sought and received a much
larger proportion of their capital from investors with whom they had a long-standing business relationship.
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D. The entrepreneurs surveyed who did not produce a formal business plan spent nearly as much time doing
preparatory research and planning as the entrepreneurs who produced plans. E. The entrepreneurs who produced business plans generally reported later that the process of writing the plan had
increased their confidence that their company would succeed. 结论：所以，formal plan没有帮助secure the capital.
论据：因为，平均，没有formal plan的企业家使用了更少的时间来获得资金。 削弱：可能是他因导致这些企业家时间少，formal plan的作用无法从论据体现。
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28. GWD21-Q28:
Since it has become known that several of a bank‘s top executives have been buying shares in their own bank, the bank‘s depositors, who had been worried by rumors that the bank faced impending financial collapse, have been greatly relieved. They reason that since top executives evidently have faith in the bank’s financial soundness, those worrisome rumors must be false. They might well be overoptimistic, however since corporate executives have sometimes bought shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to dispel negative rumors about the company‘s health. In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first summarizes the evidence used in the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second states
the counterevidence on which the argument relies. B. The first summarizes the evidence used in the reasoning called into question by the argument; the second is an
intermediate conclusion supported by that evidence. C. The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into question by the argument; the
second is evidence that undermines the support for this intermediate conclusion. D. The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into question by the argument; the
second is the main conclusion of the argument. E. The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into question by the argument; the
second states a further conclusion supported by this intermediate conclusion.
Evidence:several of a bank's top executives have been buying shares in their own bank
-->Intermediate conclusion:top executives evidently have faith in the bank’s financial soundness-->those worrisome rumors must be false
Main conclusion: the investors are wrong,They might well be overoptimistic
since在这里是because的意思，但是后面的句子并不是一个evidence，真正的evidence是it has become known that several of a bank‘s top executives have been buying shares in their own bank。而也是一个推论，由这个推论，引出最后的结论those worrisome rumors must be false.这都是depositors的观点。 D中的main conclusion是作者的最后观点。
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30. GWD21-Q30:
In the past, most children who went sledding in the winter snow in Verland used wooden sleds with runners and steering bars. Ten years ago, smooth plastic sleds became popular; they go faster than wooden sleds but are harder to steer and slow. The concern that plastic sleds are more dangerous is clearly borne out by the fact that the number of children injured while sledding was much higher last winter than it was ten years ago.
Which of the following, if true in Verland, most seriously undermines the force of the evidence cited?
A. A few children still use traditional wooden sleds.
B. Very few children wear any kind of protective gear, such as helmets, while sledding. C. Plastic sleds can be used in a much wider variety of snow conditions than wooden sleds can. D. Most sledding injuries occur when a sled collides with a tree, a rock, or, another sled.
E. Because the traditional wooden sled can carry more than one rider, an accident involving a wooden sled can result
in several children being injured.
a，一些孩子还在用老式的木头东西。这个跟危险与否没有关系。 b，滑雪时候，没有孩子用防护装置。大家都没有用,对说明没有影响. c，塑料的比木头的要用的广泛。
d，大多数滑雪事故是孩子跟其他物品碰撞时发生的。事故原因，跟危险无关。
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e，因为木头的能载多人，所以木头的发生事故能造成多人受伤。说的是木头的，没有提到塑料的。
这样看来的话，c要正确，数学问题了，同比，基数大了，数字就多了,所以造成孩子受伤的不是塑料的更危险. 偶一直想不明白为啥D不对，觉得D解释了事故的原因是别的东东造成的，跟塑料危险无关啊，是个他因削弱啊。。。
刚刚忽然灵光一闪，明白鸟，就系因为这些事故的原因对于木头和塑料都是同样存在的，并不是塑料所专有
的，故不能用之来解释塑料的事故多是他因造成！bingo!!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 33. GWD21-Q33:
One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled ―SuperOXY,‖ that has extra oxygen dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical
performance, however, since the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs.
Which of the following, if true, would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface?
A. the water lost in exercising can be replaced with ordinary tap water
B. the amount of oxygen in the blood of people who are exercising is already more than the muscle cells can absorb C. world-class athletes turn in record performances without such water
D. frequent physical exercise increases the body‘s ability to take in and use oxygen E. lack of oxygen is not the only factor limiting human physical performance
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