4．并列连词：and, but, or, for, nor, yet, so；从属连词，although, because, before, after, since, when, if , unless, that, though, while （二）标点符号:逗号，分号，破折号，冒号 1．逗号
(1) 次要内容会用逗号隔开，但是主要内容和主句一脉相承。（插入语） (2) 一个主语发出的两个动词间的and不用逗号。 EG: Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch. Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch. 逗号不能连接两个完整的句子。（老生常谈） 特殊：The more,the more结构 2．分号 (1) 分号用以连接两个紧密相关的句子，这两个句子又是分别相对完整的句子。（说是―相对‖，是因为虽然语法上都能单独成句，但是逻辑意思上第二句单独出来的话就说不通） EG: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; they do everything together.
(2) 用分号连接的两句应该是独立、平衡的。如果原句有从属关系，那么应该保留比如原句是因果关系，则不用分号而用because。
(3) 分号后经常跟一些链接副词（注意这些词不是真正的连词，不能用逗号替代分号），如 however, therefore, in addition, then.
EG: Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart. Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart. (4) 分号还有个主要的用法：用来隔开带逗号的一串名词。
EG: Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears. Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears. 3．冒号
(1) 冒号是对前面提出的信息起补充说明作用，可以在冒号后面加namely或者that is。 (2) 冒号前的分句必须能够单独成句，冒号后的则不一定。 (3) 被解释的成分与冒号后的解释成分越近越好→常构成被动语态
Worse: Three factors affect the rate of a reaction: concentration, surface area, and temperature. Right: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and temperature.
(4) 冒号后可以加入一个主句，用以解释冒号前的内容。
EG: On January 1, 2000, the national mood was completely different from what it would become just a few years later: at the turn of the century, given a seemingly unstoppable stock market and a seemingly peaceful world, the country was content. 4．破折号
(1) 破折号的用法很富有弹性，既可以作强调作用，也能充当冒号，分号。 (2) 有时候为了突出主要内容或者解释时，破折号更佳。
EG: My three best friends—Danny, Jimmy, and Joey—and I went skiing. (用逗号意思就变7个人了) (3) 破折号还可以重复或者解释前半句的内容。但又和冒号不同，破折号不一定立刻放在被 解释内容之后。
EG: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management consultants—by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year. (4) 用的比较广泛，破折号有双的，也有单的。
（三）量词
1．可数的量词：few、number、numerous 2．不可数的量词：less、amount、great、least
3．既可跟可数名词又可跟不可数名词的量词：more, most, enough, all 但是less只能不可数 4．留意单数词：如money-dollar, volume-gallons, 这些单位词可用复数，但都是修饰不可数 名词的
Right: We have LESS THAN twenty dollars.
(这里dollars是复数，但是要用不可数的less than来修饰) Or ―fewer than twenty dollar bills‖
5．the number of 修饰单数，a number of 修饰复数，The numbers of 一般都是错的 如果numbers要做比较，一般用greater than, 而不是more than
Wrong:The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now sus- pected to be much MORE than before.
Right:The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now sus- pected to be much GREATER than before.
6．increase和decrease表达同一事物的变化；Greater和less则是比较不同事物。 Right: The price of silver INCREASED by ten dollars.
Right: The price of silver is five dollars GREATER than the price of copper.
同时，很重要的一点！避免意思重复：increase不能和rise/rising/risen／growing/grwth一起用！decrease不能和fall/fell一起用。
Wrong: The price of silver FELL by a more than 35% DECREASE. Right: The price of silver DECREASED by more than 35%. Right: The price of silver FELL by more than 35%. 7．between形容两个物品；among形容三个物品
CH11 简洁和平行（高阶）
（一）简洁：一些具体的形式: V>adj/adv.>n
1．动词形式优于名词：即动词形式优于名词+be/make 形式
EG: His conception of money was a goal. < He conceived of money as a goal His example was an influence on me. < His example influenced me. They made a reference to the strike. < They referred to the strike.
2．that 从句优于一堆名词性修饰语，常用这种结构的词包括：hypothesis, idea, suggestion, belief, discovery, evidence, indication, and report.
EG: The hypothesis about the composition of the universe as largely dark energy seems strange. The hypothesis that the universe is largely composed of dark energy seems strange. 3．动词形式优于形容词形式
The artist was influential to the movement. < The artist influenced the movement. 4．形容形式优于名词形式
She has the ability to juggle. < She is able to juggle. 5．副词形式优于介词短语
Wordy: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen TO A COMPARABLE EXTENT.
Better: Oil prices have fallen, but prices at the gasoline pump have not fallen COMPARABLY 注意：尽可能避免用to be，而用is , am, are,been,was,were 等替代 6．形容词大于BE动词的形容词从句 Marcos is a professor who is admirable. Marcos is a admirable professor. 7．尽量少用it is…that 结构
Wordy: IT IS without fear THAT children should play. Better: Children should play without fear.
动词 形容词 副词 名词 apply applicability conceived conception cost cost is decided decision influenced was influence inspired inspireation refered reference weigh weight
动词 形容词 副词 名词 介宾 aggravate is aggravating can be able to indicate indicative inspired inspirational suggest suggestive
abundant abundance be able to ability capable capability convince conviction disincline disinclination
isolate isolation
comparably to a comparable extent considerably to a considerable extent significantly to a significant degree
形容词 带Bed的形容词从句 admirable who is admirable firefighter who is firefighter （二）简洁：不要太短
GMAC会利用较短的表达造成―简洁‖的错觉。 1．关于of
(1) 当of的词,表示形容前面的名词时，可以将of省略。 A wall of stone=a stone wall。
但是of是带有数量、时间、计量性质的固定搭配就不能改了,一定用of。
(2) 尤其介词不是of 时，更加有必要保留介词 Danube river access < access to the Danube river Boston soldier < soldier from Boston
Population changes of honeybees < changes in the population of honeybees sales increase < increase in sales
2．在比较中，that of , those of 常常很重要
The faces I see in ads is a famous actor. < The face I see in ads is that of a famous actor 但有时候that又是多余的
The fields I most enjoy are those of math and physics. Indicate, claim, contend, report, announce, assert, believe, confess, demonstrate, doubt, expect, hold, know, mention ,observe, proclaim, reason, recognize, repeat, state, think , warn, be convinced , be certain, be assured, agree, declare, find, reveal, rule ,show Too Short: The study INDICATES the problem has vanished. Better: The study INDICATES THAT the problem has vanished. 有一个比较特殊的词就是say,之后不必跟that，就可以跟一个句子 Right: The water was so cold that people SAID polar bears would shiver. （三）平行 1．名词有两种形式：实体名词(时间、地点、人、事件)，动作名词(eruption, pollution, change, growth等)，二者不能平行 2．动名词：简单动名词，（动名词＋名词）
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