1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section ⅠUse of English
The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to
language is the word. In speaking, the choice of words is 1 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate one source of 2 breakdown is in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words __3 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may ___4 unfavorable reactions in the listener 5 interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down. 6__, inaccurate or indefinite words may make ___7 difficult for the listener to understand the 8 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 9 to explain or describe in a 10 that can be understood by his listeners.
1. [A] of
[B] at
[C] for
[D] on
[D]
2. [A] inaccessible invalid
3. [A] encourages 4. [A] pass out up
5. [A] who
[B] timely [C] likely
[B] prevents [B] take away
[C] destroys
[D] offers
[D] stir
[C] back up
[B] as [C] which [D] what
6. [A] Moreover Unexpectedly
7. [A] that 8. [A] speech
[B] However [C] Preliminarily [D]
[B] it
[C] so
[D] this
[D] meaning
[D]
[B] sense [C] message
9. [A] obscure unable
10. [A] case
[B] difficult [C] impossible
[B] means [C] method [D] way
Section ⅡReading Comprehension
Passage 1
The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism
by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property) , and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.
11. In Line 11, Para 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means__.
[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes [B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes
[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased
[D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes 12. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that__. [A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production [B] consumers can express their demands through producers [C] producers decide the prices of products [D] supply and demand regulate prices
13. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by__.
[A] private property and rights concerned [B] manpower and natural resources control [C] ownership of productive resources [D] free contracts and prices 14. The passage is mainly about__. [A] how American goods are produced [B] how American consumers buy their goods [C] how American economic system works
[D] how American businessmen make their profits
Passage 2
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even
abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society” is not on the horizon—it’s already here.
While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.
Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring
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