11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be d _____.
12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o ____ and are therefore consonants.
13. M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
14. A _____is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as ―be‖, ―have‖, ―do‖ etc.
15. R ____ is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between form and the reality.
16. In Austin‘s early speech act theory, c ____ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
17. In the process of first language acquisition, children
usually construct their personal grammars, and their language develops in stages until it a_____ the grammatical rules of the adult language.
18. A s _____ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at least a single language variety.
19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n_____ signals such as facial expressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.
20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l ______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species. Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％)
21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today‘s world that can only be spoken, but not written.
22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/, occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puff of air withheld to some extent.
23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element, without exception.
24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.
25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in terms of the situational context and linguistic context.
26. ( ) Searle‘s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification of performative verbs.
27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internal borrowing—that is, we ―borrow‖ from one part of the grammar and apply the rule generally.
28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. The differences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical in nature.
29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the left hemisphere is language-dominant.
30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same number of years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence.
Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one
or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)
31. assimilation rule 32. root
33. bound morphemes 34. surface structure 35. grammaticality 36. elaboration 37. bilingualism 38. creole
39. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 40. fossilization
Ⅴ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)
41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.
42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of
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