of operation for attacks. In this way castles served both defensive and offensive roles. Besides, castles served as offices for governors. Those that were socially beneath the governor would come to report affairs and express their respect. They would address problems, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities in castles. So castles served as social centers as well.
The first castles were made from earth and wood, and they were likely to suffer from attacks by fire. Then wooden castles were gradually replaced by stone, which greatly increased the strength of these towers and walls. However, attackers could throw flaming objects into castles through the windows or burn the wooden doors. This led to moving the windows and entrances off of the ground floor and up to the first floor to make them more difficult to access.
During the Middle Ages, attacks increased in regularity, so castle defenses were updated. Arrow-slits were added. They were small holes in the castle, which allowed defenders to fire without being hurt. Towers were built from which defenders could provide fire on both sides. The towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. A lot of rings of castle walls were constructed, so that even if attackers went past one wall, they would be caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. All of these increased the defense of castles.
The end of castles can be attributed to gunpowder. During the 15th century, artillery, a kind of large guns, became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This greatly made the role of castles less effective. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining castles receive millions of visitors each year who wish to experience the situations of ancient times.
28. What was the original function of castles according to the passage? A. They served as tourist attractions. B. They were important social centers. C. They marked religious ceremonies. D. They were built for use in emergencies.
29. The reason why wooden castles were replaced by stone castles was that ______.
A. stone castles cost less money B. stone castles offered better defense C. wooden castles were uncomfortable D. wooden castles took a long time to build
30. Which of the following showed an improvement in castle defenses? A. Castles were totally separated by stones. B. Arrow-slits were made in large quantities. C. Rings of walls were built to defend the towers.
D. Windows and entrances were moved to the higher floor. 31. What is the best title of the passage? A. Fancy Living: Learning about Castles B. Normans: Bringing Castles to England
C. A History of Castles: The Rise and Fall of Castles
D. Defending Castles: Technologies Used to Defend Castles D
It has been around for centuries, but up until very recently, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wasn’t fully accepted abroad. Proof of this can be found in The Treatment (《刮痧》), a 2001 film that tells the story of a Chinese man in the US who’s accused of abuse after he uses guasha, a form of TCM treatment, to cure his grandson’s disease.
During the last 10 years or so, however, TCM has been getting increasingly popular all over the world. A report released by the State Council Information Office on Dec. 6 says this style of health care, which includes different forms like herbal medicine and exercise, has spread to 183 countries and regions.
“We have set up 10 TCM centers outside China, and all of them are popular among locals,” Wang Guoqiang, head of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, said at a news conference on Dec 6. “Governments of 86 countries and regions have signed agreements with
the Chinese government on TCM corporation.”
One of the reasons behind the growing popularity of TCM is the increase of scientific research into it. And after Tu Youyou, the Chinese scientist who discovered the anti-malaria (抗疟疾) drug qinghaosu (青蒿素), won the Nobel Prize in 2020, TCM became even more famous internationally.
However, all these achievements in TCM don’t mean that it’s problem-free. Over the years, TCM has faced challenges in being able to prove that it has certain effects.
Some researchers have suggested TCM should be more exact and work together with Western medicine.
“Bringing together with Western medicine and TCM, rather than being in competition, is where the potential for great effects is,” said Bernhard Schwartlander, the China representative of the World Health Organization. 32. The film The Treatment is mentioned in the first paragraph to . A. introduce the film to readers B. show TCM is increasingly popular
C. prove that TCM is not fully accepted in western countries D. arouse readers’ interest in Western medicine 33. We can learn from the passage that . A. TCM is not exact in curing diseases
B. 10 TCM centers abroad are all set up by locals
C. 86 countries have cooperated with China on TCM
D. Tu Youyou’s success contributes to the popularity of TCM 34. According to Bernhard Schwartlander, TCM should .
A. face no challenge at all B. combine western medicine C. give an exact description of its effects D. compete with western medicine
35. Which of the following can be the best title of the passage? A. A report on TCM B. Opinions about TCM C. TCM spreads D. TCM & Western Medicine
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The best way to set yourself up for success is to make sure that your goals are SMART: specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and timely． Make your goals specific．
You need to give yourself a concrete goal so you know exactly what you're working toward． 36 Who will be involved in helping you reach your goal? What exact goal do you want to accomplish? Be very specific．When will you start and when will you reach your goal? Make your goals measurable．
相关推荐：
loading