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get too close to trucks or buses because we feel it’s our right to be there, then we are making a mistake even dumber than Emma Way’s tweet. In the war of the cyclist vs. the driver, the driver will nearly always come out alive. Less so the cyclist. 6. According to the passage, who had been cyberbullied and had received malicious communications? (A) Toby Hockley. (B) Boris Johnson. (C) Emma Way.
(D) A cycling commissioner.
7. Which of the following statements is NOT true in the conflict between cyclists and drivers? (A) London seemed like a particularly dangerous place for the cyclists. (B) 14 cyclists were killed in less than two weeks in London. (C) The deaths of cyclists sparked a bout of public recrimination. (D) People are dying in this conflict between cyclists and drivers. 8. London’s Mayor has established a $1.6 billion fund __________. (A) to encourage citizens to cycle to work (B) to build more bike lanes in London (C) to lessen the impact on the environment (D) to make cycling safer in London
9. According to the passage, a rash of accidents involving cars has made London’s bicyclists __________. (A) outraged (B) alarmed (C) cautious (D) cyberbullied
10. What would be the best title for this passage? (A) Cycle rather than Drive to Work (B) Watch your Cycling Manners
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(C) Pedal at Your Own Peril (D) Lessen the Impact on Traffic 【参考答案】6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C
Questions 11—15
Educators have known for 30 years that students perform better when given one-on-one tutoring and mastery learning — working on a subject until it is mastered, not just until a test is scheduled. Success also requires motivation, whether from an inner drive or from parents, mentors or peers.
Will the rise of massive open online courses (MOOCs) quash these success factors? Not at all. In fact, digital tools offer our best path to cost-effective, personalized learning. I know because I have taught both ways. For years Sebastian Thrun and I have given
artificial-intelligence courses at Stanford University and other schools; we lectured, assigned homework and gave everyone the same exam at the same time. Each semester just 5 to 10 percent of students regularly engaged in deep discussions in class or office hours; the rest were more passive. We felt there had to be a better way.
So, in the fall of 2011, we tried something new. In addition to our traditional classroom, we created a free online course open to anyone. On our first try, we attracted a city’s worth of participants — about 100,000 engaged with the course, and 23,000 finished. Inspired by Nobel laureate Herbert Simon’s comment that “learning results from what the student does and thinks and only from what the student does and thinks,” we created a course centered on the students doing things and getting frequent feedback. Our “lectures” were short (two- to six-minute) videos designed to prime the attendees for doing the next exercise. Some problems required the application of mathematical techniques described in the videos. Others were open-ended questions that gave students a chance to think on their own and then to hash out ideas in online discussion forums.
Our scheme to help make learning happen actively, rather than passively, created many benefits akin to tutoring — and helped to increase motivation. First, as shown in a 2013 study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, frequent interactions keep attention from wandering. Second, as William B. Wood and Kimberly D. Tanner describe in a 2012 Life Sciences Education paper, learning is enhanced when students work to construct their own explanations, rather than passively listening to the teacher’s. That is why a properly designed automated intelligent tutoring system can foster learning outcomes as well as human instructors can, as Kurt van Lehn found in a 2011 meta-analysis in Educational Psychologist.
A final key advantage was the rapid improvement of the course itself. We analyzed the junctures where our thousands of students
succeeded or failed and found where our course needed fine-tuning. Better still, we could capture this information on an hour-by-hour basis. For our class, human teachers analyzed the data, but an artificial-intelligence system could perform this function and then make
recommendations for what a pupil could try next to improve — as online shopping sites today make automated recommendations for what book or movie you might enjoy. Online learning is a tool, just as the textbook is a tool. The way the teacher and the student use the tool is what really counts.
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Different sources of motivation for students’ success. (B) Effective one-on-one tutoring and mastery learning. (C) Personalized massive open online courses for students. (D) Considerable improvement of the college courses.
12. The word “quash” ( para. 2) is closest in meaning to ______. (A) intensify (B) inspire (C) cancel
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(D) discount 13. When the author and his colleague offered their first online course ______. (A) it attracted about 100,000 city residents to study (B) it created a climate of passivity for introverted students (C) it was designed for both students and working adults (D) it was attended by a great number of students
14. The “lectures” in the MOOCs are meant for the students to ______. (A) do and think actively on their own (B) make up for what they miss in classrooms (C) get frequent feedback from mentors and peers (D) focus on what they need most
15. One way online courses are similar to online shopping sites is that ______. (A) they make recommendations for what users do next (B) they function automatically for thousands of young students (C) they are a boon to computer-savvy students and shoppers (D) they update their contents on an hour-by-hour basis 【参考答案】11.C 12.C 13.D 14.A 15.A
Questions 16—20
Most people have seen bullies in action, making life miserable for others. Their targets often escape the intimidation relatively unharmed, but sometimes it is too much to bear. That can be true whether the victim is a 12-year-old girl or a 136-kilogram American football player.
A member of the Miami Dolphins left the National Football League team recently because he was repeatedly insulted and threatened by a teammate, Richie Incognito. Many fans were disgusted by details of Incognito's expletive-filled voice mail and text messages, while others defended his behavior as a natural part of a rough-and-tumble sport.
Some people are astonished that Jonathan Martin, who is 1.95 meters tall, “could actually be emotionally damaged by taunts from a teammate, ” the columnist Timothy Egan wrote recently in The Times. “Can you possibly hurt a hulk with words? ” Based on his own experience playing football in high school, Mr. Egan argues that you can. He was smaller than the other guys and had a big, unruly head of hair that made him stand out. His teammates taunted him. “Did it hurt? Yes it did, ” he wrote. “I knew very well what it felt like to give so much to a game and have people who were part of it, his teammates, hurt him. ”
Bullies aren’t all men. The Times reported recently that scientists had made big strides in understanding aggression by young women. “The existence of female competition may seem obvious to anyone who has been in a high school cafeteria or singles bar, ” John Tierney wrote, “but analyzing it has been difficult because it tends to be more subtle and indirect (and a lot less violent) than the male variety. ”
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Researchers found that women were more likely to make mean comments about other women if they saw them as competition for male attention. In an experiment, a group of female college students reacted negatively when a woman wearing a low-cut blouse and a short skirt entered the room, while they barely noticed the same woman dressed in a T-shirt and jeans.?But in perhaps one difference
between the sexes, instead of confronting the woman directly, the others made fun of her once she left the room.?” Women are indeed very capable of aggressing against others, especially women they perceive as rivals,” said Dr. Tracy Vaillancourt, a psychologist at the University of Ottawa.
For those on the receiving end who are young or otherwise vulnerable, the damage can be tragic. In September, a 12-year-old girl in Florida named Rebecca Ann Sedwick killed herself after other girls bullied her online. She went to an abandoned cement plant, climbed to a platform and jumped.
“Rebecca became one of the youngest members of a growing list of children and teenagers apparently driven to suicide, at least in part, after being maligned, threatened and taunted online, ” The Times reported. And teenagers aren’t just using Facebook or Instagram to pick on one another. New applications appear constantly, making it difficult for parents to keep tabs on their children’s activity. Rebecca’s mother, Tricia Norman, didn’t know her daughter was receiving messages that said: “You’re ugly” and “Can u die please?”
“You hear about this all the time,” Ms. Norman said of cyberbullying. “I never, ever thought it would happen to me or my daughter.” 16. How did Jonathan Martin react when taunted and insulted by his teammate? (A) He remained silent at first and then challenged the bully to a fight. (B) He took no notice of the taunts and insults from his teammate. (C) He could no longer put up with the bullying and left the team. (D) He accepted the bullying as a natural part of a rough-and-tumble sport. 17. Which of the following is typical of female bullying? (A) Confronting the victim indirectly. (B) Causing the victim to die in the end. (C) Making fun of the victim with nasty words. (D) Making mean comments about the victim’s clothes. 18. According to the passage, Tricia Norman’s daughter ______. (A) is a pretty, lovely girl
(B) uses Facebook or Instagram a lot
(C) committed suicide because of cyberbullying (D) used to isolate herself from her classmates
19. Parents are often kept in the dark about their children being bullied because ______. (A) their children have no courage to tell them about it
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