The psychoanalytic
approach to psychology
ORIGINS AND HISTORY
The psychoanalytic approach was started and developed mainly by Sigmund Freud,a Viennese doctor who specialised in neurology. Freud became interested in hysteria-the manifestation of physical symptoms without physical causes-and became convinced that unconscious mental causes were responsible not just for this disorder but for
all
disorders
and
even
‘normal’personality. Freud developed techniques for treating the unconscious causes of mental disorders and built up an underlying explanatory theory of how human personality and abnormality develop from childhood.
Freud's theory and approach were influenced by the technology of the time (such as the steam engine),and his early work
with
Charcot,the
Parisian
hypnotist,and Breuer the pioneer of the cathartic method. Freud's psychoanalytic approach had a great impact on psychology and psychiatry,and was developed in different ways by other psychoanalysts such as
心理分析的研究方法
起源与历史
心理分析主要是由在神经病学方面颇有造诣的维也纳医生西蒙﹒弗洛伊德创建并发展起来的。弗洛伊德对癔症很感兴趣，认为它是非生理原因造成的身体疾病的表现形式，并且他相信不仅是癔症还有其他的紊乱症状甚至是“常态”人格也是由无意识心理原因造成的。弗洛伊德发展出一种治疗技术，用于治疗由无意识引起的精神错乱。并且建立起一种深层的理论，用于解释人类的人格以及变态人格是如何从童年期发展而来的。
弗洛伊德的理论和方法受时代技术（如蒸汽机的发动机）和他与欧洲催眠师沙可、宣泄疗法先驱布洛伊尔的早期合作的影响。弗洛伊德的精神分析理论对心理学和精神病学产生了很大影响。并且由其他的一些心理分析学家，如：荣格、阿德勒、克莱因、安娜﹒弗洛伊德（他的女儿）以及埃里克森等，采用不同的方式对其进行了发展。
Jung, Adler, Klein, Anna Freud(his daughter),and Erickson. Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)
‘…I set myself the task of bring to light what human beings keep hidden within them…the task of making conscious the most hidden recesses of the mind is one which it is quite possible to accomplish.’ ASSUMPTIONS Psychoanalysis proposes: Unconscious
processes-the
major
causes of behaviour come from that part of the mind which we have no direct awareness of.
Psychic determinism-all we say and do has a cause (usually unconscious),even slips of the tongue or ‘Freudian slip’ Hydraulic
drives-bahaviour
is
motivated by the two basic instinctual drives,the sex drive from Eros the life instinct.The drives create psychic energy which will build up (like steam in a steam engine) and create tension and anxiety if it cannot be released in some form.
Psychodynamic conflict-different parts of the unconscious mind are in constant struggle as the rational ego and moralistic superego seek to control the id expressing its sexual and aggressive
西蒙弗洛伊德（1856-1939） ‘??我致力于让人们认识被人们一直隐藏的东西??这个让人们意识到思想最深处的任务是相当有可能实现的。’
理论假设
心理分析学派提出：
无意识过程—行为的原因来自我们不能直接感知的那一部分意识。
心理决定论—我们的所有言行都是有原因的（通常是无意识的），甚至包括口误或者失言。
流体动力驱力—行为主要由两种基本的本能驱动所激发的。性驱力来自厄洛斯（希腊爱神）的生的本能，这种驱力产生的心理能量将会不断累积（就像蒸汽机里的蒸汽一样）。并且如果不以某种方式将这种积聚的心理能量释放出来，那么它将会导致紧张和焦虑。
心理动力冲突—无意识的不同组成部分处于持续地斗争之中，正如理性自我和道德超我试图控制本我对于性欲和攻击欲望的表达。
urges.
Stages of development-personality is shaped as the drives are modified by different times in childhood. METHODS OF INVESTIGTION Freud used the case study method when treating
his clients (seeing them
individually several times a week for many months),and deeply analysed and interpreted all they said and did .Two techniques Freud used for investigating the unconscious were: Free
association-involving
the uninhibited
expression
of
thought
associations ,no matter how bizarre or embarrassing ,from the client to the analyst .
Dream analysis – the ‘royal road to the unconscious’. The analyst attempts to decode the symbols and unravel the hidden meaning (the latent content )of a dream from the dreamer’s report (thee manifest content).
AREAS OF EXPLANATION Freud used his theory to explain a vast number of topics,such as : Personality development- due to
foxation /defence mechanisms. Moral/gender development-the result of the Oedipus complex
发展阶段—人格的是由于驱力在童年期的不同阶段被修改所形成的。
调查方法
弗洛伊德在治疗他的患者时（每个星期数次单独治疗患者并持续数月）使用个案研究法，同时深入分析解释患者的所有言行。弗洛伊德使用的两种研究无意识的技术手段是：
自由联想—让来访者向心理分析者无拘束的表达联想到的内容，不管内容是如何奇异或多么令人窘迫。
梦的分析—通向无意识的正统道路。精神分析者旨在从梦者的报告（显梦或显意）中解释表征的现象从而揭示梦中被隐藏的含义（隐梦或隐意）
阐述内容
弗洛伊德通过他的理论来解释了大量的论题，比如： 人格发展—因固结/防御机制而形成
道德/性别发展—由俄狄浦斯情结导
Aggression –caused by hydraulic drives and displacement .
Abnormality –he consequence of early trauma and repression. Memory –Forgetting
caused
by
repression.
+Slips of the tongue,the shaping of civilization and customs,etc. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The purpose of psychoanalysis was as a therapy to treat mental disorder. through dream interpretaion,etc.then a cure could be d Once the unconscious cause of disorder was identified effected through catharsis-discharging
he
repressed
emotions associated with problems by getting them ‘out in the open’ to be discussed /resolved. STRENTHS
? Freud’s ideas made a large impact
on psychology and psychiatry and are still discussed and
used
today,around a 100 years after he started developing them .
? Freud regarded case studies like
‘Little hans’and ‘Ana O’as firm empirical support for his theory,and thought his belief in determinism and detailed collection of data were scientific.
致的结果
攻击—由液体驱动和替代作用所致 变态—早期精神创伤和压抑结果的后果
记忆—由压抑导致忘记
+口误，受文化和习俗的影响等。
实际应用
精神分析的目的是作为一种方法能治疗精神紊乱，。一旦无意识引起的原因通过梦的分析鉴别出以后，紧接着便会设计一个治疗方案。伴随着问题的暴露，把压抑的情绪“宣泄—释放”出来，问题便得到了解决，那么这个方案也就起到作用了。 优点
? 弗洛伊德的思想对心理学和精神
病学产生了巨大影响，从弗洛伊德创立了该研究方法开始，到后来的大约100年里，直到今天，它一直被讨论着并被使用着。
? 弗洛伊德将像‘Little hans’和
‘Ana O’的个案研究看作是他理论的稳固实证支持，并认为他所信仰的决定论和数据的详细采集是科学的。
Freud’s
theory
has
had some experimental support
in
certain
areas,such as repression and fixaion. ? Psychoanalysis
has
enormous explanatory
power
and
has
something to say on a huge variety of topics. WEAKNESSES Many
psychologists
today
reject
psychoanalysis because :
? It has been accused of being
unrefutable (incapable of being proved wrong)and so theoretically unscientific –it seems to explain everything but predicts very little . ? Freud’s methods have been regarded
as unscientific because he based his theory
on
studying
an
‘abnormal’sample of people,using the
case
study
method
and
techniques that were not fully objective and ,therefore ,open to bias .
? Much experimental research carried
out on Freudian hypotheses has failed to support his theory and ideas.
? The success of psychoanalytic
therapy has been criticized .
? 弗洛伊德的理论在某些领域已获
得了一些实验支持，比如压抑和固着。心理分析有巨大的解释力量，在广阔的论题中都有自己的见解。 缺点
如今许多心理分析学家抛弃心理分析的原因：
? 受到难以证伪的指责（不能证明它
是错误的），所以它在理论上是不科学的---它似乎能解释一切事物但能预测的东西却很少。
? 弗洛伊德的方法曾被认为是不科
学的，因为他的理论是建立在对非常态的样本的研究上，使用个案研究的方法和技术并不完全客观，因此，有失偏颇。
? 许多关于精神分析中癔症的实验
研究结果很难支持他的理论和思想。
? 精神分析理论的成功已经受到质
疑。
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