英语构词法
第一部分：派生法 一. 前缀
★un-: 表示否定意义，
unhappy, untrue, unlike,, unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, unclear, unequal, unlucky, uncomfortable , uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, unfold
★dis-: 表示否定意义，
dislike, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability, discover, disobey
★in-, im-, il-, ir-: 表示否定意义，
incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregular,
★表示否定意义，non-
non-smoker, non-stop, , nonsense mis-: 表示错误的意义 mistake, mislead（误导）, misunderstanding, misuse, misspell, mistrust, mistreat anti-: 表示“反、防、抗”的意义：, antiknock（防震）, antiforeigner（排外的）, anti-war, anti-pollution de- 表示“在下，向下”：表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀：
decrease, degrade
en-, em- 表示“在内，进入”： encage, embed ex- 表示“外部，外”： exit, expand, export, expose fore- 表示“在前面”：
forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefoot
★in-, im- 表示“向内，在内，背于”：
inland, inside, indoor(s), import inter- 表示“在??间，相互”： international, interaction, internet, interview out- 表示“在外部，在外”： outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s) over- 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”： overlook, overhead, overboard, overcoat, overdress, oversea pre- 表示“在前，在前面，提前”： prefix（前缀）, preface（前言）, prepare,prefer super- 表示“在?..之上，超级”： superpower, superman,surpermarket trans- 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”： translate, transform（转移）, transplant（移植）, transportation（交通）
under- 表示“在?..下面，下的”：
underline, underground, underwater, undershirt up- 表示“向上，向上面，在上”：
upward(s), uphold, uphill（上坡）, upgrade auto- 表示“自己，独立，自动”： automobile（自动车）, autobiography（自传） tele- 表示“远离”： television, telephone , telegram（电报）, telegraph（电报）, telescope fore- 表示“在前面，先前，前面”：
foreword（前言）, forecast（预报）, foretell（预言）, foresee（预见）, foreknow（先知）, foreknowledge（先知） mid- 表示“中，中间”： midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn post- 表示“在后，后”： postwar, postgraduate（研究生）, postdate
★re- 表示“再一次，重新”：
retell, rewrite, renew, reconsider, reuse, remarry, recycle（回收利用）, rebuild over- 表示“超过，过度，太”：
overeat（吃过多）, oversleep（睡过头）, overpraise（过奖）, overwork, 表示共同，相等意思的前缀：co- 表示“共同，一起”： coexist（共同生存）, co-operate, co-worker, coactions（合作行动）, coauthor（合作作者） 表示某种状态，构成形容词、副词或动词： a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake a- 表示“分离，离开”：away, apart de- 表示“离去，处去”：depart, discolor 表示“自我”： self - self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge a. 具有某种职业或动作的人：
★-an, -ian, -ician 表示“??地方的人，精通??的人”：American, Asian, Australian, Russian,
Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician（魔术师）, technician, musician, politician（政客）, physician（内科医生）， -ant,-ent 表示“??人”：merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student, -ee 表示“动作承受者”：employee（雇员）, examinee, payee（收款人）, interviewee -eer 表示“从事于??人”：engineer, volunteer（志愿者）
★-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区，地方的人”：banker, observer, Londoner, villager
singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller,
★-or 表示“??者”：author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator
-ar, -ary 表示“??的人, 从事??的人”：scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary -ess 表示“阴性人称名词”：actress（女演员）, hostess（女主人）, manageress（女经理）
★-ist 表示“从事??研究者，信仰??主义者”：pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist,
socialist,typist,
构成具有抽象名词的含义：
-age 表示“状态，行为，身份及其结果，总称”：courage, storage, marriage, percentage
★-al 表示“事物的动作，过程”：refusal, arrival,
-ance, -ence 表示“性质，状况，行为，过程，总量，程度”：importance, distance, avoidance, appearance, performance, diligence, difference, obedience, absence, presence（出席）, existence -ancy, -ency 表示“性质，状态，行为，过程”：frequency（频繁）, urgency（紧急）, efficiency（高效率）,
-ity 表示“性质，状态，程度”：purity, reality, equality -bility 表示“动作，性质，状态”：ability, possibility, probability, responsibility -dom 表示“等级，领域，状态”：freedom, kingdom, wisdom -ery, -ry 表示“行为，状态，习性，性质”：bravery, slavery -hood 表示“资格，身份, 年纪，状态”：childhood, girlhood, boyhood, manhood -ice 表示“行为，性质，状态”：notice, justice, service
★-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程，结果，状况”：suggestion, action, solution,
invention, direction, correction, collection, instruction, destruction, introduction, congratulation, dictation, invitation, pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation, satisfaction, relation, irrigation, determination, preparation, imagination, explanation, opposition, competition, description, decision, division, conclusion, explosion, impression, expression, admission, permission, discussion
★-ment 表示“行为，状态，过程，手段及其结果”：disappointment, treatment, movement,
judgment, punishment, argument, agreement, government, development, improvement, requirement, astonishment, encouragement
★-ness 表示“性质，状态，程度”：goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness, business, illness,
happiness, goodness, willingness, weakness, fairness
★-ism 表示“制度，主义，学说，信仰，行为”：socialism, criticism, heroism, tourism,
communism（共产主义） , Marxism（马克思主义） -ship 表示“情况，性质，技巧，技能及身份，职业”：hardship, relationship, membership, friendship, seamanship, ownership, scholarship, professorship
★-th, 表示“动作，性质，过程，状态”：strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth,
warmth, youth
-ure 表示“行为，结果”：exposure（暴露）, pressure, failure, procedure(手续), mixture -craft 表示“工艺”：aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft ② 形容词后缀：
a. 带有“属性，倾向，相关”的含义：
★-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable,
visible, responsible, terrible, horrible
★-al: natural, additional, educational, national
-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent
★-ing（表示特征：令人觉得）: moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing ,
astonishing, boring, amazing
★-ed（表示情绪：觉得）: pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined,
delighted
-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish
★-ive: active, impressive, decisive, active, instructive, expensive, progressive
b. 表示“相象，类似”的含义： -ish: boyish, childish -like: manlike, childlike
-some: troublesome, handsome
★-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy, healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody, funny, dirty,
lucky, noisy, salty, smelly, hilly
★-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly,
friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely, lively, likely, scholarly c. 表示“充分的”含义：
★-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful,
merciful
-ous: dangerous, courageous, nervous, mountainous, humorous, various d. 表示由某种物质形成，制成或生产的含义： -en: wooden, golden, woolen e. 表示方向的含义：
-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern -ward: downward, forward
f. 表示“数量关系”的含义：
★-teen: thirteen ★-ty: fifty ★-th: fourth, fiftieth
g. 表示国籍，语种，宗教的含义：
★-an: Roman, European ★-ese: Chinese, Japanese
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