---Robotic and CNC milling machines
To function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the ?240 is unlike any other available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.
There independent up down timers, each with it?s own compare register, support the generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.
Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Control Open-loop Control Systems
The word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.
g the feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.
An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.
Closed-Loop Control Systems
What is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct the error. A system with one or more feedback pat(s like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A human being may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.
To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error ,
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which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It isAs anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system ofThe basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.
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控制系统基础
数字控制机床常常重达上百吨，但却常常要求切削工具的定位精度达到0.002毫米。控制系统必须使刀具在遇到负载的情况下的进给速度高达每秒8厘米，而负载在给定的轨道上的变化非常之大。数控机床必须具有动态响应特性以便能够跟踪复杂的轮廓，具有最小的轨迹误差。很清楚，这些要求意味着控制系统必须与它所驱动的机械特性相匹配。
控制系统是一个通过控制能源流以及其他往来资源实现控制操作的组合设备。实际上，控制系统是由相关的子系统组成，这些子系统可以完成在传统机加工过程中由胜任的人员操纵的任务。
因此，数控机床的控制系统能代替及其操作员，更为重要的是甚至比做好的人操作还要更好。数字控制与它所替代的操作人员之间的一下操作十项类似的：
1. 感测机床的当前状态；
2. 做出完成动作所需要的逻辑判断； 3. 向机床传达决定，驱动是党的机械装置；
4. 具有储存信息的能力：指令、数据和逻辑判断的决定。
总之，机床控制系统是电子电路、感测元件和引导刀具沿预先确定的到运动的机械机构组成的组合体。
第七课 数字控制
先进制造技术中的一个最基本的概念是数字控制（NC）。在数字技术出现之前，所有的机床都是由人工操纵和控制的。在与人控制的机床有关的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的问题。采用人工控制时，产品的质量直接与操作者的技能有关。数字控制代表了从人工控制机床走出来的第一步。
数字控制意味着采用预先录制的、存储的符号指令，控制机床和其他制造系统。一个数控技师的工作不是去操纵机床，而是编写能够发出机床操纵指令的程序。对于一台数控机床，其上必须装有一个被称为阅读机的界面装置，用来接受和解译编程指令。
发展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者的局限性，而且它确实完成了这项工作。数控机床比人工操纵机床的精度更高，他们可以生产一致性更好的零件，它们更快，而且长期加工成本更低。数控技术的发展导致了制造工艺中其他几项新发明的产生：
1. 电火花加工技术； 2. 激光切割； 3. 电子束焊接。
数字控制还使得机床比它们采用人工操纵的前辈们的用途更为广泛。一台数控机床可以自动生产很多种类的零件，每个零件都可以有不同的和复杂的加工过程。数控可使生产厂家承担哪些对于采用人工控制的机床和工艺来说，在经济上不划算的产品任务。
与许多先进技术一样，数控诞生于麻省理工学院的实验室中。数控这个概念是20世纪
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