60. What’s the whole passage mainly about?
A. Reasons you can probably get away with showering less. B. Advice you can take on how to shower more and better. C. Harmful effects made on you through showering less. D. Benefits you can get from showering on a daily basis.
61. This passage provides us with the following further detailed information Except ___. A. the best time of day to shower B. the proper temperature for your shower C. the other ways you shower wrong D. the other ways to cut your water bill 62. Which of the following is Not a reason why you should shower less? A. Showering gets rid of good bacteria. B. You’re absolutely as dirty as you think. C. Towel drying causes damage to your skin.
D. You only really need to wash your smelly parts.
（C）
Social norms of right and wrong are vital to a well-functioning society. However, such moral standards are changeable and the psychological mechanisms（机制）driving this change are unknown. Now, researchers at Karolinska Institutet report that our view of selfish and unselfish behaviors changes depending on how common they are.
The results are based on a combination of behavioral experiments, mathematical models and computer simulations. In the experiments, the participants first observed other people’s behavior in a so-called“public goods game,”in which players receive a sum of money and then choose either to invest it to varying degrees so that it benefits everyone in the group, or to keep it for themselves. After every round, the participants were asked to judge the different choices as morally right or wrong, and whether the choices ought to be punished with a
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reduction in how much the players gained.
Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be more moral and less deserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. The commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants’ willingness to themselves pay to punish selfishness.
“Tolerance of selfish behavior increased when the majority of the players kept the money for themselves, which surprised me,”says principal investigator Andreas Olsson, senior lecturer at Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.“The fact that a behavior is common doesn’t automatically mean that it’s right – this idea is based on faulty logic that confuses facts with moral values.”
The study shows our view of what is morally right and wrong has strong similarities with social comformity, in that we tend to adapt ourselves to the people around us and how they behave. This means that changes in our social environment can quickly alter our moral compass.
“This is interesting from several angles, and could explain why moral attitudes change over time, such as those towards public goods or legality,”says Bjorn Lindstrom, postdoc at University of Zurich and Karolinska Institutet’s Department of Clinical Neuroscience.
63. According to Andreas Olsson’s analysis, if people accept selfish behavior, they actually _____. A. get facts and moral values mixed up B. misunderstand social mechanisms C. follow the logic of their own D. consider it correct and reasonable 64. It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if ______. A. they can’t play“public goods game” B. invest the money to benefit group members C. they behave differently from the majority D. they keep the money for themselves
65. According to the passage, what is morally right or wrong is shaped by the following Except ___. A. the way people around us behave B. changes in our social environment C. personal standards of values and attitudes D. how widespread a particular behavior is 66. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A. The psychological mechanisms behind attitude change B. Behavior is considered more moral the more common it is C. Our view of selfish and unselfish behaviors
D. Moral standards of selfish and unselfish behaviors
Section C
Directions：Complete the following passage by using the sentences in the box. Each sentences can only be used once. Note that there are two sentences more than you need. A. They thus focused on two elements that are typical for contemporary work environments. B. The researchers used online questionnaires to obtain data. C. The notion that obtaining external feedback about one’s idea is essential for increasing creativity is deeply rooted in society. D. The most important in that: when an organization stimulates feedback seeking, it needs to ensure that this work environment is excellent enough to use the benefits of feedback. E. The question, however, is whether these beneficial effects always occur. F. The creative achievements were assessed by their direct managers. 第页
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Seeking feedback not always sufficient for stimulating creativity
It is widely believed that seeking feedback from colleagues, managers, friends and family enhances employees’ creativity. But is this always the case? No, a positive effect depends on the work, environment. This is the conclusion of new joint research study led by UvA work and organizational psychologist Roy Sijbom.
___67___ For example, managers are encouraged to engage customers in order to confirm whether their business model is workable and scholars attend conferences to obtain feedback on their research results. A definite assumption is that individuals who have obtained feedback will also actually（be able to）use it.
“The idea is simple: seeking feedback from different sources – also known as feedback source variety – benefits one’s creativity since it leads to a greater diversity of viewpoints”，says Sijbom.“And the more diverse the viewpoints, the more it benefits one’s creativity because by combing all the different viewpoints new perspectives will emerge that in turn will result in more creativity. ___68___”
The researchers examined how specific characteristics of the immediate work environment influence the relationship between feedback source variety and creative performance. ___69___ One is the recognized rate of change of performance standards. The other is the extent to which employees feel they have sufficient time to develop creative ideas at work（experienced creative time pressure）.“We discovered a growing relationship between the search for input from a variety of feedback sources and creativity, but only when performance standards within an organization are changing and when a relatively low creative time pressure is experienced”，says Sijbom.
Sijbom offers several recommendations.“___70___ In a more concrete sense, organizations can, for example, consider using feedback workshops in which employees are encouraged to reflect on diverse feedback and equipped with techniques and strategies on how to absorb feedback in their daily work. In addition, managers should not only stimulate their employees to actively cultivate relationships with potential feedback sources within and outside the organization, but also provide sufficient time to process the feedback obtained from these relationships.”
Ⅳ. Summary Writing
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Screen-addicted teens are unhappy
A new study explored the link between adolescent life satisfaction and screen time. Researchers found that teens who spent more time in front of screen devices – playing computer games, using social media, texting and video chatting –were less happy than those who invested more time in non-screen activities like sports, reading newspapers and magazines, and face-to-face social interaction.
Total screen avoidance doesn’t lead to happiness either. The greater unhappiness among those with no screen exposure could be due to several factors, Twenge, the leading researcher said.“It could be that they are left out of the social scene of high school, that it’s very difficult to carry on friendships in high school these days without texting at all or being on social media.”It is also possible that those kids are outliers, Twenge said –teens with special needs or in special education, or those whose screens have been taken away from them by parents.
The key to digital media use and happiness is limited use. The happiest teens used digital media a little less than an hour per day. But after a daily hour of screen time, unhappiness rises steadily along with increasing screen time, the researchers report in the journal Emotion.
“Make effort to spend no more than two hours a day on digital media, and try to increase the amount of time you spend seeing friends face-to-face and exercising—two activities reliably linked to greater happiness.”Twenge said.
“By far the largest change in teen’s lives between 2012 and 2016 was the increase in the amount of time they
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spent on digital media, and the following decline in in-person social activities and sleep,” the leading researcher said.“The arrival of the smartphone is the most reasonable explanation for the sudden decrease in teens’ psychological well-being.”
Ⅴ. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72. 我对这场比赛的结果抱乐观态度。（optimistic） 73. 许多人把迟到看作是一个小问题，其实不然。（think）
74. 无人驾驶技术解决了人们的困惑，使开车打电话成为可能。（…it…）
75. 人生中最可怕的不是你即使努力了仍一事无成，而是碌碌无为却以平凡可贵安慰自己。（…not…but…）
Ⅵ. Guided Writing
76. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the picture below.
当你走进教室，发现黑板上画着一幅形象丑陋的漫画，旁边还写着你的名字。你当时是愤怒谴责还是一笑了之?请你写一篇短文，内容包括：
? 根据你的想象简述漫画的内容及此漫画的心情；
? 你当时是选择上述哪一种解决方式并比较说明你选择这种解决方式的理由。
宝山区2017-2018学年第二学期高三年级英语学科教学质量测试 参考答案
第一大题第1至10小题，每题1分；第11至20，每题1.5分；共25分 1-5 BCDAD 6-10 CDBAC 11-13 BCA 14-16 ADB 17-20 BACD 第二大题每小题1分，共20分
21. where 22. have been /are/ being turned 23. allowing 24. seen
25. to become 26. While/ Though /Although 27. has increased 28. may/ might/ should 29.within 30.to
31. H 32. D 33. J 34. G 35. B 36. I 37. E 38. C 39. F 40. A 第三大题第41题至55小题，每题1分；第56至70小题，每题2分。共45分 41-45 BDACB 46-50 ADCBD 51-55 ACDBA 56-59 DDAB 60-62 ADB 63-66 ACCB 67-70 CEAD 71、略 72-75：
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