华外培训中心 9 英语专业八级考试强化班
者理清汉语句子中隐含的主次关系，利用英语句型的立体布局，以S—V为主干构成全句的骨架，形成语义层次分明，显形形态标记明晰，结构严谨的结构。在运用前一种方法的时候，应该考虑分句之间的连接是否流畅的问题。如果句子承接上出现梗阻，那就最好采用第二种处理方法。
1)中国与东盟各国或山水相连，或隔海相望，在悠久的交往中，人民之间形成了深厚的传统友谊。
(断句法)China and ASEAN countries are joined together by mountains and rivers or face each other across the sea. In the long history of contacts and exchanges, the Chinese people and the people of the ASEAN countries have developed profound traditional friendship.
(主从法)Joined together by mountains and rivers or facing each other across the sea, China and ASEAN countries have developed profound traditional friendship among the people in the course of their age-old contacts and exchanges. (Beijing Review, Jan. 5-11,1998)
2)中国始终不渝地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，中国对外政策的最高宗旨是和平。
(断句法)China pursued unswervingly an independent foreign policy of peace, and the ultimate goal of its foreign policy is peace.
(主从法)Unswervingly pursuing an independent foreign policy of peace, China takes peace as the ultimate goal of its foreign policy. (Beijing Review, Jan. 5-11, 1998)
3)当前，世界金融市场和经济走势不确定的因素增加，国际竞争日益激烈，扩大出口的难度加大，国内也存在不少矛盾和隐忧。
Factors that lead to uncertainties in the international financial markets and the world economy have been on the increase lately, and international competition is becoming increasingly fierce, making it more difficult for us to expand exports. In addition, there are still quite a few unresolved and hidden problems in China. 由于汉语不重形式，偏重意合，作者们在行文过程中自然对读者参与有更高的要求，作者往往要求读者发挥自己的能动性，自行判断和阐释句子间的逻辑关系，自行补足原文的言外之意，自行通过上下文纠正原文中作者偶然的逻辑或表达错误，自行通过学习和揣摩去解决原文中作者的理想读者(ideal audience)明白、但一般读者却不明白的问题。古代，在未使用标点符号之前，读者甚至还被要求去对句子间的句读”关系进行判断。这种要求读者配合作者的期待来阐释原文的意合语言中，往往有很多隐含的内容，尤其对于外国读者来说，他们常常无法理解汉语中的语言蕴涵和文化联想。因此，在翻译的时候我们常常需要根据情况或更改原文的错误，或补足原文的文意，或对原文内容加以一定的解释，以使表达更加明确、具体，符合逻辑、常理和特定的知识背景。把各种问题解决了之后，再交给译文读者。这种译法就是翻译界老前辈所说的“解释性翻译”。需要进行解释性翻译的情况大概有以下几类：
原文是无主句
华外培训中心 10 英语专业八级考试强化班
1)又想提职提薪，又不好好干工作，就必然要去搞那些不正之风。
People go in for devious practices at times because they are bucking for promotion and pay-rise while don’t do their job as they know they should.
2)吃公家的饭都没有病，干个人的活都不傻。
Everyone is a big eater to mess together; everyone is a lion in his own cause. 3)三天没洗澡，一身臭汗。
We are smelling of three-day old sweat. 4)老跟着别人转就不能独立行事了。
If you follow somebody all the time, you can not be your own. 5)逛时装店可别忘了看价码,物以“新”为贵啊!
As you browse the fashion shops, check out price -- Fashions always charge high, you know.
6)那里的服务设施已有改善。可以找到标准的饭店，吃到风味食品，坐上空调旅游车了。
Service facilities have been improved. Tourists can find standard hotel rooms, local Chinese food and air-conditioned tour bus.
7)如果不进行坚持不渝的自省，要将阿Q扮演得如此活脱，难乎其膛。
Nobody can possibly perform Ah Q to the life without much patient self-inspection.
原文句于中有逻辑错误
1)尚年轻的莫老那时在镇上教书。
General Mo was then a young teacher in town．
2)这秋蝉的嘶叫，在北平可和蟋蟀耗子一样，简直像是家家户户都养在家里的家虫。
Because of their ubiquitous shrill noise, these insects in Peiping seem to be living off every household like crickets or mice.
3)我看到繁花夹道，流泉淙淙，鸟鸣嘤嘤。
There I saw a path lined on both sides with blooming flowers and a clear brook gurgling along. I also enjoyed burds’ molodious singing.
4)台北有百分之九十九的乞丐都是假的，你当心他拿你的钱去花天酒地。 Beware of beggars in Taipei, ninety-nine percent of them are cheats. They will spend your money on alcohol and fancy women.
5)微笑，永远是微笑者个人的专利；它不能租,又不能买??
Smile is inseparable from its owner, for it can neither be rented nor bought … 6)我国同发展中国家的团结与合作继续加强??
China and other developing countries continued to strengthen their unity and cooperation
原文中有用法或搭配欠妥的词语 1)同年又考上了出国研究生。
华外培训中心 11 英语专业八级考试强化班
The same year I was also chosen to pursue advanced studies abroad. 2)台湾终必回归祖国。
(字面翻译)：Taiwan is bound to return to the embrace of the motherland eventually.
(解释性翻译)：Taiwan is bound to be united eventually with the motherland. 3)谁都知道朝鲜战场是艰苦些。
Every one knows that life on the Korean battlefied was rather hard. 4)要提倡顾全大局。
We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration. 5)经过学校的门口，也改换了名称和模样，于我很生疏。
When l passed the gate of the school，that too had changed its name and appearance, making me feel quite a stranger. 原文中有隐舍的意义 1)当初怎么不把眼睛睁大点!
Do you think you didn't get married with your eyes open wider? 2)她总是把伞挂在门边的把手上??
Whenever she carried an umbrella, she habitually hung it on the handrail near the bus door.
3) 地球绕着太阳自转。东方不亮西方亮。我窗前的晚霞正朝着美国东岸的慰冰湖走去。
The earth keeps turning around the earth. While the east is night, the west must be day．The sunglow in front of my window is just receding toward Lake Weiping (慰冰湖)at the east coast of America.
原文中有外国人不懂的中国特有的背景知识
1）白居易
Bai Juyi, a renowned poet of the eighth century 2) 秦始皇
Qinshihuang, the first emperor of China who united the country in the second century B.C. 3)建国以来
(字面翻译):since the founding of the PRC
(解释性翻译)：since 1949 4)辛亥革命
(字面翻译)：Xinhai Revolution
(解释性翻译)：the 1911 Revolution that overthrew the last monarch of China 5)十年浩劫
(字面翻译)：the ten turmoil year
(解释性自译)：the Cultural Revolution that brought about chaos in China from 1966 to 1976
6) 个体户口
华外培训中心 12 英语专业八级考试强化班
(字面翻译)：individual household
(解释性翻译):private businessmen, self-employed businessmen 7)黑孩子(指计划生育指标外生育的孩子) (字面翻译)black children
(解释性翻译)off-the-book babies 8)街道妇女
(字面翻译)street woman
(解释性翻译)：housewives of the neighborhood
原文中有外国人弄不懂的缩略词 9） 三高农业
(字面翻译)：three high agriculture
(解释性翻译)：high-yield, cost-efficient and technology-intensive farming 10)三讲
（字面翻译）：three talks
(解释性翻译)： three-yield, cost-efficient and technology-intensive farming 11)三个代表
(字面翻译)：three representatives
(解释性翻译)：three represents (represent the most advanced productive force, the most advanced culture and the fundamental interests of the people)
2. 汉语的主题+评论结构与英语的主语+谓语结构 汉语的句子在结构上主要表现为“主题+评论”，意思是汉语 造句时，往往先提出话题，然后加以评论；先给出已知信息，后给出新信息。我们可以这样说，主语都可以算作主题，但主题却并不一定是主语：如： 1)我吃了一个苹果。 I ate an apple.
2)会议室里正在开会。
A meeting was held in the conference room.
从这两个例子上看，第一个句子中的“话题”是“我”，在英文中对应词I占据的位置是主语的位置。但是，在第二个句子中，“话题”是“会议宣里”，在英文中却不一定相应地故在主语位置上。
如果说，这样分析还不足以让人明白的话。那么，我们且借用申小龙对汉语句型的分类来说明问题吧。申小龙把汉语句型分成了两类：一类叫做施事句；一类叫做主题句。两类句型各占汉语句子的半壁江山。实际上，所谓施事句就是侧(重)这种情况，实际上是一种主谓句型，通常认为这种句型中的主语可以直接转化为夷6的主语。主题句，又称“主题+评论”句，是典型的汉语式句型，它由两部分构成，一部分提出一个主题或话题 (Topic)，另一部分对话题加以评论。这种句型的主题部分往往不能作为英语句子的主语；译者需要通过上下文来决定英语句子的主语。
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