In comparison/ in contrast/ by contrast, B 表示可以―使用‖:available
表示可以―容纳‖:can accommodate
表示理论上讲:in theory, theoretically, hypothetically
表示但事实上:but in reality/ however, realistically/ yet in practice/ but in fact/ as a matter of fact, though
表示在某处建造了A:A was built in=was constructed in=was established in 表示在某处又增建了A:A was added to=an addition was made to···,which was A 表示改动原建筑或原场地:v. change/ modify/ remodel n. change/modification/remodeling
表示A被改造成了B:A was turned into/ was transformed into/ was converted into B 表示A被搬走或拆掉:A was removed/ demolished/ taken down from··· 表示A被B取代了:A was replaced by B/ A made way for B
表示A的面积缩小:the size of A was reduced to only half of/ one third of the original size 表示A的面积扩大:A was expanded to twice its size=the size of A almost doubled 表示A向XX方向延伸:expand/extend northward/southward/eastward/westward 表示A经历了:A experienced/ witnessed/saw 起初:at first=initially=in the beginning=originally
接着:then=next=after that=in the following stage=in the next/subsequent period=afterward
在这个阶段:at this point=in this phase=in this stage 最终:finally=eventually=in the end
Part 3 流程图
对于流程图,本人从来没有准备过。我觉得没必要捡了芝麻丢了西瓜。毕竟它出现的频率很低,而且几乎很难准备。有见及此,对于那些在考试当中遇到流程图的烤鸭们,我只能说:―不要慌,不要怕,前面就是天堂,一路走好!!‖
TASK 2 大作文
Part 1. 考官是怎么改卷子的?
知己知彼,百战百胜,所以―考官是怎么改卷子的,他以什么为标准的评分‖的尤为重要。经过朋友的介绍,我认识了Steward,他是一位资深的写作老师和改卷老师,在悉尼大学语言中心工作(那些在悉尼的朋友,如果想找他的话,请给我留言,我有他的联系方式)。我上了他两小时的课,他帮我改了12篇大作文和2篇小作文。我觉得这短短的两小时,远远比上什么新东方新航道环球雅思什么保7班精品班重要得多得多。after all,很多中国雅思老师还是处于意淫阶段。
看着他改了12篇文章,发现他改作文的模式非常非常的mechanical,他说考官一般会在1小时内改六份作文(including task 1 and task2),那就是说平均5分钟改一篇。在这五分钟里,他就死死地盯着评分规则,从task response, coherence and cohesion, lexical resources, grammatical range and accuracy 这四个方面评分。而且让我无比深刻的是:雅思是一门语言能力考试,它侧重于测试学生的语言表达能力,而不是思维能力。记住:核心词是语言表达!!
Part 2. 雅思写作7分是什么样的概念
以下是雅思写作的7分标准
(a). task response:
? addresses all parts of the task
? presents a clear position throughout the reponse
? presents, extend and supports main ideas, but there may be a tendency to over-generalise and/or supporting ideas may lack focus.
用中文最简单的理解是:首尾都要回答问题,允许泛泛而谈。这就是说,我们没必要花太多的精力去考虑观点是否绝对严谨是否意义深刻,关键是要告诉考官你的思考逻辑。这就是剑桥雅思的魅力,它要考你的不是你的思维能力,而是你的语言表达能力。哪怕在ridiculous的观点,只要你能用最恰当的语言去表达,你也可以同样得7分(当然,如果你的目标是8分,你就当我痴人说话吧)。还有就是说,很多题目本身包含很广泛的概念,很多大学教授用十几万字都解释不清的关系,怎么就能让我们这些门外汉用三言两语就解释好呢。说了这么多,我想说的是,如果你从一开始就习惯背诵满分作文,习惯复制别人的观点,这样的复习方法会很吃力(我不敢说是错的,那是确实低效,甚至有赌博成分),事倍功半。毕竟我们都是正常人,我们都有自己的思考能力和理解能力,我们说的每一个观点都是make
sense,不make sense的是我们没把那个观点说清楚。
(b). coherence and cohesion
? logically organisesinformation and ideas, there is clear progression throughout ? lises a range of cohesive devicesappropriately although there may be some under-or over use
? presents a clear topicwithin each paragragh
用中文最简单的意思是:分段分点,每点之前必须有连接词。这一点非常非常容易达到(我总结了大量这样的词汇,明天或者后天上传上来)。然后那个考官最为推介的范式(以argumentation的题目为例,因为report类的文章更死板了):开头段+主体段(让步一段,支持(反对)两段)+结尾段。其实说白了,就是我们最熟悉不过的模版。 也就是说,模版是非常有用的,之所以变成没用(serve no helpful purpose)是因为用模范的那个人没有用(想起粤语里面的一句歇后语,叫―太监撒尿‖)。至于怎么用模版才能变得不落于俗套,下文回答问题7的时候会有详细分析。
(c). lexcial resource
? uses a sufficient rangeof vocabulary to allow some flexibility and precision ? uses less common lexical itemswith some awareness of style and collocation ? may produce occasional errosin word choice, spelling and/or word formation
用中文最简单的意思是:足够就好,不需要多;一两个大词就够,不需要滥。一说到单词,相信我们并不陌生,甚至认为学英语就是背单词,写作就是单词的选美与堆砌。尽管我们都知道这是不对的,但是依旧默默地坚持着,比如说背诵一大堆同义词代换,一大堆除了莎士比亚见过之外其他人都没见过的大词。这样的复习会很累而且会逐渐把雅思写作从逻辑表述变成词汇大杂烩。至于何谓是足够的单词,何谓是less common lexical items,这就是问题6的范畴了。经过我写了大概30篇雅思作文,我觉得我们需要的词汇其实真的不多(我的词汇表一定会upload上来,估计在明天或者后天)。我想说的是,记单词最好的方法是,把单词放到句型或者例句上面来,然后句型或者例句一定要与雅思写作topic 相关。如果不相关,证明那个词就算记住了,也不会用。
(d). Grammatical range and accuracy
? uses a variety of complex structures ? produces frequent error-free sentences
? has good control of grammar and punctuation but may make a few mistake
用中文最简单的意思是:句子结构多样性和允许语法错误的存在。对于句子结构多样性,这一点,我觉得我们中国学生肯定没问题的,什么定语从句,什么名词性从句,什么状语从句,倒装句,虚拟语态,被动语态等,我们只会过犹不及。从我的个人经验来看,我有
时候会把定语从句和同位语从句搞乱(并不是我们不知道有什么不同,而是一紧张就很容易忽视了)。说到语法错误,我可以说,我们中国学生最最最常犯的语法错误都是非常低级(请参考part.4内容)。
Part 3. 雅思写作7分所需要的词汇
(a). 雅思写作必备连词--只要掌握了这些连词,就能符合到coherence and cohesion 7分以上的要求
以下为英语写作(雅思写作,学术论文等)必备的连词汇总。以下的内容参考了悉尼大学本科学生orientation handbook里面关于如何preparing for essays的总结,再加上本人的积累。有些连词与下面的句型汇总重合,请以句型汇总为重点。对于应该雅思写作和大学学术论文绝对绰绰有余,希望能帮助大家。 为了更好地分享我的经验,我将以下的词语划分成三组
? 用下划线highlight的是适用那些总感觉雅思写作写不长、写不满250字、需要灌水的同学
? 用粗体highlight的是适用于那些每次都写得太长、写爆格,务实的同学
? 用斜体highlight的是适用于那些有强烈大词欲,渴望用大词整死考官的同学
? To signal sequence or addition
Accordingly, actually, additionally, afterwards, again, also, and, another, as was previously stated, as well as, at the same time, besides this, consistent with this, correspondingly, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, in addition, in a like manner, in the first place, in the same way, including, initially, last, likewise, more importantly, moreover, next, originally, overall, primarily, similarly, to begin with, too, what is more.
? To signal time
After, afterward, as long as, at first, at last, at length, at the same time, before, concurrently, currently, during, finally, following, immediately, in the future, in the meantime, last but not least, later, meanwhile, next, once, presently, rarely, simultaneously, sometimes, subsequently, then, this time, until, until then, whenever, while.
? To show results
Accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in other words, in that case, it follows that, it is evident that, otherwise, owing to, resulting from this, so it can be seen that, that being the case, therefore this implies, this suggests that, thus, under these circumstances.
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