学案(二) 考场作文常见的3类错误及防范措施
一、考场作文常见的3类错误
考场作文常见的错误主要分为三类：词汇类错误、语法类错误和汉语式英语。 (一)词汇类错误
考试时，考生很容易出现单词拼写错误和词形变化错误；而词性不清和词汇用法方面的错误主要还是受汉语思维的影响。其应对措施是在备考时要多注意容易拼错或容易出现词形变化错误的单词，真正用心去体会英语词汇的词性和运用，对一些固定习语更不能想当然地改动。
1．单词拼写错误
误：By the way, he’s a senior High School student named Lihua from Tian Jin, china. 正：By the way, he’s a senior high school student named Li Hua from Tianjin, China. 2．词形变化错误
误：People throwed cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water. 正：People threw cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water. 3．词性不清错误
误：Everyone in my family is like the dog. 正：Everyone in my family likes the dog. 4．词汇用法错误
误：He opened the light after he entered the room. 正：He turned on the light after he entered the room. 5．擅自改动习语
误：Nowadays most parents attach much importance with education. 正：Nowadays most parents attach much importance to education. [即时演练] 改正下列句子中的错误
1．Doing a part-time job always effects study.effects→affects_ 2．There is no doubt that keeping an English diary helps you a lot with writen English.
writen→written 3．In my surprise, he has got the first prize.In→To 4．We must pay attention our pronunciation when we speak English.attention后加to 5．We are all entire responsible for our actions and for our reactions.entire→entirely (二)语法类错误
一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该准确无误。如果语法不正确，再好的构思也难以正确地表达，语法类错误的多少会直接影响作文的档次。英语书面表达中语法类错误主要表现在：
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1．时态错误
误：When he came back, he found that his wife has gone to bed. 正：When he came back, he found that his wife had gone to bed. 2．语态错误
误：Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
正：Children who are raised in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.
3．主谓一致错误
误：Some students like books that is written by Lu Xun. 正：Some students like books that are written by Lu Xun. 4．比较级使用错误
误：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting more and more smaller.
正：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting smaller and smaller.
5．非谓语动词使用错误
误：The teacher came into the lab, following by some students. 正：The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 6．平行错误
误：Then I put my book under my desk, opening it and started looking for the answer. 正：Then I put my book under my desk, opened it and started looking for the answer. 7．词汇冗余
①误：On one day, he went to the cinema. 正：One day, he went to the cinema.
②误：It is our duty to serve for the people heart and soul. 正：It is our duty to serve the people heart and soul. 8．否定式错误
误：Not hesitate to ask me if you have any questions. 正：Don’t hesitate to ask me if you have any questions. [即时演练] 改正下列句子中的错误
1．If it won’t rain tomorrow, we’ll go camping.won’t→doesn’t 2．Not only Tom but also I are tired of one examination after another.are→am 3．They think students should have their own time to study and it is more quieter at
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home._more→much或去掉more__ 4．There are a lot of students stand in a queue to welcome the old soldier.stand→standing 5．She said she would pay a visit to Suzhou in the next month.去掉in (三)汉语式英语
一般来说，英汉两种语言既有许多相似之处，又有许多不同之处。在写作时如果想当然地去写，会出现许多汉语式英语，其中主要包括：
1．纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序
误：At this school studying, I really very happy. 正：Studying at this school, I am really very happy. 2．句子成分残缺
①误：There are many students don’t support the project. 正：There are many students who don’t support the project. ②误：He told me that all my classmates sitting in the classroom. 正：He told me that all my classmates were sitting in the classroom. 3．句子粘连
误：The old man has two sons, both of them work in the same company. 正：The old man has two sons, and both of them work in the same company. 正：The old man has two sons, both of whom work in the same company. 4．主谓搭配不当
误：He happened an accident yesterday. 正：An accident happened to him yesterday. 5．动宾搭配不当
误：They are trying their best to improve their production. 正：They are trying their best to increase their production. 6．形容词和名词搭配不当
误：We walked a far way before planting trees. 正：We walked a long way before planting trees. 7．动词和副词搭配不当
误：My grandfather very likes black tea and has it every day. 正：My grandfather likes black tea very much and has it every day. 8．介词和宾语搭配不当
误：They will build a monument on memory of the national hero. 正：They will build a monument in memory of the national hero.
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[即时演练] 改正下列句子中的错误
1．We are impossible to finish the work in such a short time.
We_are_impossible→It_is_impossible_for_us 2．It’s known that the cost in big cities is very expensive.expensive→high 3．He came here to attend the meeting in car.in→by 4．I haven’t heard from your letter for a long time and I miss you very much.
your_letter→you 5．I have many collections of stamps, some of them are my favorite.
some前加and或them→which 二、防范出现错误的2个措施
写对句子是作文得高分的关键和保证，考场上要避免上述低级错误，可采取以下两个措施。
(一)确定主语
英语句子无论多长都有自己的主语(祈使句省略了主语you)。写句子前首先要确定主语，其次要特别注意汉语与英语的区别。例如：
1．北京八月多雨。
误：Beijing rains much in August. 正：It rains much in Beijing in August. 2．写得很匆忙，我们发现书中满是错误。
误：Written in a hurry, we found the book full of mistakes.
正：Written in a hurry, the book was found full of mistakes (by us)． (二)确定谓语动词
英语中没有动词就构不成句子，但动词千变万化，稍不注意就会写错句子。在写句子时应特别注意以下几个方面：
1．注意及物与不及物动词的正确运用。
误：The living standard of the people has raised in the past twenty years.
正：The living standard of the people has risen/has been raised in the past twenty years. 2．注意延续性与非延续性动词的正确运用。 误：His grandmother has died for fifteen years. 正：His grandmother has been dead for fifteen years. 3．注意一些不可用于被动语态的动词或动词短语。 误：That dictionary is belonged to the library. 正：That dictionary belongs to the library.
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