英语语法——非谓语动词
在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个:一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词;二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。
例题一.____tired of Tom’s all-talk-no-action attitude, Julia decided to do the job all by herself.
A) To get B) To have got C) Getting D) Have got
一般来说,在句子中没有连接词的情况下, 逗号是无力连接两个句子的。据此,首先可以确定 这是一个简单句,非谓语动词短语放在句首作状语。依据非谓语动词短语get tired of与其逻辑主语Julia之间的主动关系,以及谓语动词与非谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生,没有明显的先后顺序,可以断定应用现在分词一般式作原因状语,即“由于厌倦了Tom只说不做的工作态度”,故正确答案为C。
例题二 ____ that Bob had got promoted, his friends came to congratulate him.
A) Heard B) Having heard C) Hear D) To hear
依据非谓语动词hear与其逻辑主语his friends之间的主动关系,以及前后句的逻辑关系,可以断定用现在分词形式来作时间状语,再根据现在分词的动作“听说”发生在主要谓语动词“来”之前,由此判断应该用现在分词的完成式(只用作状语时使用),意为“听说Bob已得到提升,他的朋友都来向他表示祝贺”,故正确答案为B。
非谓非谓语动词的三种形式 名称 形式 用法 不定式 to do 表目的、将来 动名词 doing 表主动及现在 分词 done 表被动及过去 非谓语动词的形式变化 构成 非谓语 语态 时态 形式 主动 被动 一般式 to do to be done to have to have 完成式 done been done 不定to be 进行式 / 式 doing to have 完成 been / 进行式 doing 动名一般式 doing being done 复合结构 否定式 for sb. to do sth. 或 of sb. to do sth. 在“to”前加not 或never(不定式的否定形式) sb.或sb’s / 词 完成式 现在分词 having done doing having been 作主语要用 done sb’s doing 在前加not 与动名词变化形式相同
非谓语语法功能的比较 做宾语的非谓语动词比较 情况 常用动词 只接不定hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, 式 pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, 做宾语的happen 动词 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, 只接动名escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist 词 做宾语的feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be 动词或短engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, 语 set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指意义具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为) 基本need, want, require(主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关相同 系,接动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式) 意义stop to do 停止手中所做的事,去做另一件事 相反 stop doing 停止正在做的事 两remember/forget/regret to go on to do(接着做另外一者do(指动作尚未发生) 件事) 都remember/forget/regret go on doing(接着做同一件可doing(指动作已经发生) 事) 以 try to do(设法,努力去做,尽mean to do(打算做,企图意义力) 做) 不同 try doing(试试去做,看有何结mean doing (意思是,意味果) 着) can’t help (to) do(不能帮be considered to have 忙做) done被认为已经做了 can’t help doing(忍不住要做) consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事
做宾补的非谓语动词比较
分 类 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句 I asked to be sent to the countryside. I heard him call me several times. ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, 不定encourage 主谓关系,强调动作将式 have, 发生或已经完成 notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在notice, see, 主谓关系,强调动作正分词 watch, hear, 在进行,尚未完成 过去find, keep, have, 动宾关系,动作已经完分词 feel 成,多强调状态
做定语的非谓语动词比较 分 类 区 别 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动不定式 作同时发生,完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I found her listening to the radio. We found the village greatly changed. 例 句 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a lot of papers to be typed. I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢) 现在分与被修饰词之间是主谓关系,表示the boiling water / the boiled 词 动作与谓语动作同时发生 water 与被修饰词之间是被动关系,表示the developing country/the 过去分动作发生在谓语动作之前,现已经developed country the falling leaves/the fallen 词 完成或只表示状态 leaves 注意:the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥
非谓语动词高考考点
【考点一】不定式作状语
不定式作状语时相当于一个状语从句,不定式作状语时往往用来作目的状语、结果状语或原因状语。
1.不定式用来作目的状语:作目的状语时,不定式的逻辑主语通常也是全句的主语,这里往往译作“为了,想要”。
To be a winner,you need to give all you have and try your best.要想成为赢家,你要付出所有并竭尽全力。
2.不定式用于so...as to ...,such...as to;enough to;too...to;only to等结构中作结果状语。
(1)Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? 你能不能行行好,借给我你的自行车?
(2)He is such a fool as to think that his strange behaviour can inflect others.他如此愚蠢以至于认为他奇怪的行为会影响他人。
(3)He hurried to the booking office only to have been told all the tickets had been sold out.
他匆忙去了售票处,结果被告诉所有的票已经卖完了。
注意:“only+to do”表示出乎意料的结果,tell 和主语He 之间存在动宾关系,因而应用不定式的被动结构。而现在分词作结果状语则表示自然而然的结果。 (4)His parents died,leaving him an orphan. 他的父母去世了,使他成为孤儿。
【经典考题】
1. There were many talented actors out there just waiting________. A.to discover B.to be discovered C.discovered D.being discovered
2. —Why are the students working so hard these days. —________ready for the coming entrance examination. A.To get B.Get C.Getting D.Got
3. With Father’s Day around the corner,I have taken some money out of the bank ________ presents for my dad. A.buy B.to buy
C.buying D.to have bought
【考点二】过去分词作状语
1.过去分词作状语和现在分词作状语一样,修饰主句的谓语动词,意义上相当
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