必修3 Module1语法：被动语态和主谓一致 一、被动语态
动词的语态主要分为两种：主动语态与被动语态。主动语态指主语是谓语动词的执行者，二者为主动关系。被动语态指主语是谓语动词的承受者，二者为被动关系。 I have done the job. The job has been done.
1. 被动语态根据时态不同，可分为以下几种类型。
一般现在时am/is/are+done 一般过去时was/were + done
现在进行时am/is/are +being done 过去进行时 was/were+ being done
一般/过去将来时will/shall/would/should+ be done，be going to be done, be to be done 现在完成时have/has +been done 过去完成时had+been done
2. 被动语态同主动语态一样具有不同时态，其时态的变化取决于时间状语，其时态的
变化形式由其助动词be的时态变化形式来体现。 The house is being painted now.
Enough has been said to him about it. The furniture was bought last week. You’ll be punished one day. 3. 被动语态的意义
1） 不知道或没有必须要指出行为、动作的执行者（无需加by短语）
Colour TV sets are sold in that shop. Football is played all over the world. 2） 突出和强调行为或动作的承受者
History is made by the people.
The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people.
3） 主句较长，可后置。
It’s said that we have won the game.
4. 在使役动词make及感官动词see, hear等的被动语态形式后面出现的作主语补足语
的不定式需加不定式符号“to”。 The teacher made Tom answer it again. Tom was made to answer it again. 5. 短语动词的被动语态要注意不可丢失其附加的介词或副词。如：look at, laugh at,
send for, call on, carry out, take care of, make use of, depend on, pay attention to, hand in, put on, look up, give up等。
6. “be+过去分词“可以是被动语态结构，也可以是系表结构。区别是:系表结构表示
主语的状态或特征，不带by短语；而被动语态是表示主语的一个被动动作，可以带by短语。
The job was well done.(系表结构)
The job was well done by a skilled worker.(被动语态) The composition is well written(系表结构)
The composition is written with great care by her.(被动语态)
7. 用作“需要”讲的want, need, require后用-ing形式表被动，此时应注意句子的主语
与动词及v.-ing之间的关系。
His sicke mother needs looking after. The clothes need washing.
8. 形容词worth后用v.-ing形式，表示被动。
The book is well worth reading.
9. 有些动词用主动形式来表示被动意义以说明主语的性质。如：clean, sell, look, lock,
open, write, read, wash,feel等。此时，多与副词easily/poorly/well等连用。 This kind of cloth washes easily. These books sell well. The door doesn’t lock. The door can’t open. This pen writes very well. 10. 除助动词be可以构成被动语态外，get也可以接过去分词构成被动意义。
She was unhappy because she didn’t get invited to the party. 11. 有一些动词（词组）不能用被动语态。如：break out, take place, happen, belong to, cost,
have, let, wear, weigh, suffer, pass, kill time, enter, last, meet(遇见)，join(参加)，fail等。 12. 宾语是反身代词时，不用被动语态，只用主动语态形式。
The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang.
二、主谓一致
主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与主语在数上必须保持一致，句子的主语是第三人称单数，其谓语动词需要用单数，主语是复数，则谓语动词用复数形式。 1. 主谓一致的三个原则
三个原则：语法一致，就近原则，意义一致。 1） 语法一致
主语和谓语通常是在语法形式上取得一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也应采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也应采取复数形式。 She is a gril.
They are all girls.
The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures. The old are well taken care of in our city. 2)就近原则
谓语动词的人称和数由靠近它的主语决定。
There is a book, two pens and three pencils on the desk. There are two pens, a book and three pencils on the desk. Either my sisters or my mother is coming.
3)意义一致原则
主语形式上是单数，但表达复数意义，那么谓语动词要用复数形式；主语形式上是复数，但表达单数意义，则谓语动词采用单数形式。 The police are still running after the murderer. The news was very exciting.
2. 主谓一致的具体应用
1） 两个作主语用的名词或代词由either… or, neithr… nor, not only… but (also)连接时，
谓语动词应与后一个主语的人称和数一致。 Either he or I am wrong.
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.
Not only the students but (also) the teacher is active in sports and games.
2)主语是单数，而后面跟有as well as, with, together with, like, but, except等短语时，
谓语动词仍用单数形式。
She as well as the other students has learned how to type. Our school, like many schools, was built in the 1950s. Nobody but the students is in the classroom.
3)作主语用的集体名词作为一个整体看待时，谓语动词用单数形式，若就其中各个
成员来考虑，谓语动词则用复数形式。
The committee is made up of ten members. The committee were in the hall. My family enjoy sports and games.
My family was moved into the new house.
4)表示数目、时间、金额的名词复数作主语表示整体概念时，谓语动词仍可用单数形式。 Two hours is enough for us to finish the experiment. Ten dollars is too cheap for this pair of shoes.
5)两个或两个以上的并列主语由and连接时，如果表示不同概念，谓语动词用复数形式，如果表示同一概念，谓语动词要用单数形式。 Wu Dong and Wu Xi are twin brothers.
The singer and dancer comes from Guangxi.
6)each, either, neither或由some, any, no, every构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
Somebody is waiting for you at the gate of the school. Nobody wants to go there.
7)none作主语时，谓语动词可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。 None knows/know a great deal about this experiment. None has/have been found.
8)代词what, who, which, any, all, most, more等作主语时，谓语动词用单数还是复数主要由它们做表示的意义决定。 What is wrong with you?
There are some books on the desk. What are the names of them? All of the students have seen the film. All that glitters is not gold.
9)people, police, cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 The people in the city are very friendly. The police are searching for the murderer. The cattle are grazing near the river.
10)用every/ each/ no/ many a+单数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，而“a great many/ a great number of+复数名词作主语，谓语动词则用复数。 Every man and woman attends the meeting. Many a students is watching the football match. A great many people have moved into new houses.
11)有些名词只有复数形式，可根据谓语动词的单复数来判别其主语所表示的事物的实际单复数。
The steel works was built in the 1950s.
The steel works in this country produce more steel than those in that country. 12）there be+并列和here be+并列结构的谓语形式一般与并列主语中的第一个主语的
数一致。
There is a pen and two books on the desk. There are some books and a pen on the desk.
At that time there was only a teacher and a student in the room. Here is a letter and a book for you.
13)the+形容词/-ed分词表示一类人的结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 The injured have been taken to hosptial. The young are required to respect the old. The good in him outweighs the bad.
14)分数或百分数+名词作主语时，谓语动词的数与名词的数保持一致。 Only two thirds of the work was finished yesterday. 70% of the people present at the meeting are doctors.
15)one of+复数名词后的定语从句，谓语动词用复数形式，而“the (only) one of +复数名词后的定语从句，谓语动词用单数形式。
He is one of the students who have been to Shanghai.
He is the only one of the students who has been to Shanghai.
16)a +n.( sing.) + or two作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，但“one or two+ n.( pl.) 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。 A day or two has passed.
One or two days have passed.
17) many +a +单数名词， more than one+单数名词，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm. More than one student is here.
18)one and a half后，名词要用复数形式。谓语动词的数要视情况而定。中心词是表示金钱、距离、时间等名词时，常被看作一个整体，谓语动词习惯用单数；中心词是apple, banana等可数名词时，谓语动词习惯用复数。
One and a half hours is enough for me to finish the work. One and a half apples are left on the table.
19)两个主语，一个肯定，另一个否定，谓语动词的数与肯定的主语一致。 I, not you, am the right person to do the work.
20)动名词、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 Walking on the moon is very difficult. What he said is wrong.
To walk with him is a great pleasure.
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