L6 Unit 1-2 Listening 过去时和虚拟语气
Now that you have studied English at a high level, you need to be able to talk about the language itself. One of the biggest areas of confusion for students is the difference between the pass tense and present prefect. The pass tense is indicated by use of pass tense marker, represent V(d). here are some regular verbs and their pass tense forms. So, as you can see, for regular verbs, the pass tense form is indicated by the addition of “ed” at the end of the verbs. However, some of the common verbs in English is irregular, so it’s important to learn them. Here are some examples. Altogether, there are over 200 irregular verbs in normal use. Many people think that the pass tense form only indicates the pass time. However, there is only one of the possible meanings. The pass tense form is also used to express something that is unlikely or imaginary, from the speaker’s point of view.
Here is an example,
He wishes he had a car.
The fact is that he doesn’t have a car, so the use of had indicates that it isn’t real, it’s imaginary. If he had a car, he could drive us to school. Again, he doesn’t have a car, so he can’t drive us to school. This condition expresses something that isn’t a fact. It’s a counterfactual condition, which means it goes against what we know or believe. Look at these two sentences,
If she waits another week, she can save money.
If she waited another week, she could save money there is going to be a sale.
both sentences are correct, but they have different meanings. In the top sentence, the condition that she waits is more likely from the speaker’s point of view. In the bottom sentence, the speaker thinks that it’s less likely that she’s going to wait.
If that flight leaves on time, we are going to miss it, so let’s run.
If the flight left a few minutes later, we could take the next shuttle bus.
When we talk about the experience of result, we use the present perfect form. This form uses have followed by the participle. for regular verbs, this participle(分词) is identical to the pass tense form. For irregular verb, this participle is different. When we use the perfect form, the primary focus on the subject of the sentences, not the verbs. It emphasizes its condition, experience of results, rather than action or event. In these 2 examples, we see the contrast.
She has already left the hotel.
She left the hotel a few minutes ago.
The top sentence gives the condition or state of subject, and the bottom sentence expresses the
event. The top sentence describes the condition of the subject of the sentence, she rather than the event. The fact she has left the hotel is now part of her experience or state of being. The bottom sentence expresses the action or event, she left, which is something she did. In general, the pass tense expresses the event or acts, and the perfect form expresses the experience or conditions. When we use the perfect form of the verbs, we focus on the state of the subject and not the action or event.
Know that the pass form expresses events of specific point or periods of time, such as late year or the pass 5 years.
These events distance from the speaker’s point of view.
He worked at several companies. He finished the project last week.
The perfect form expresses the state of something from the speaker’s point of view, not distance in time.
He has worked at several companies. He has finished the project.
These 2 sentences are incorrect and confusing they give 2 different points of view. He has finished his work last week.
Here are some sentences that use the perfect form. Some are simple, such as the first one and some are complex, like the last one.
He has finished practicing He has been practicing
She may have been practicing She may have eaten
Her computer may have been stolen
The last one is complex because it combines many verb forms, including the passive.
L6 Unit 1-2 Dialogue都市迷失
What are you thinking about, you look so panic?
I was just thinking about how much things have changed since I was a child. Oh, sometime I have think about that too. What were your thoughts?
The nostalgic(怀旧的) for sure. Generally, I remember the best times and then I get a bit depressed when I’m thinking about how things have changed. What kind of changes depress you?
Well, one thing is the pace of life. Everything is so fast personnel, so there isn’t enough time to think.
That’s because you’ve grown up. You’re not a child anymore so you have responsibilities.
It’s more than just having responsibilities. My parents had to work but they also had other things. My father used to go fishing on the weekend and mon used to work in her garden. She loved to grow flowers and vegetables.
Yeah, that does sound nice. Living in the city makes thing like that, really difficult. Yes, living in the city is certainly a part of problem, right.
Well, that depends on you. You make thing sound as if you have no choices in life. It’s the choices you’ve made that push where you are now.
Sure, that’s certainly a part of problem. I guess I’ve changed.
You want a lifestyle that you can’t have in the city. If you really wanted those things, you can move back to the countryside.
Not, that’s not an option. If I did that, my wife would divorce me. Have you ever talked about it with her?
Not, I haven’t. you don’t talk about things like that. You are both too busy. I think she’s even busier than I am.
Well, maybe she will surprise you. Maybe she’d like a change too. You should talk to her. Em, I don’t know. What about you?
I’m okay. My wife and I accept things as they are. They try to think positively and we support each other.
It sounds like you have a good marriage.
Yes, we do. And one reason for is that we share our thoughts with each other. We don’t want to grow apart like so many couples.
Maybe I’ll surprise my wife and start sharing my thoughts with her. Well, if you don’t do it now, nothing is going to change. Yes, you’re probably right. I’ll think about it.
L6 Unit 1-2 reading南极洲和切尔诺贝利事故
On Antarctica, the world’s coldest continent, the average high temperature is -49 degrees Celsius. In the summer, the sun never sets, and in the winter, it never rises. Keep sane(保持清醒) there is its own special challenge.
The McMurdo Station is a research base perched(停留) on the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf, the world’s largest body of floating ice. The station is administered by the United States and is the largest community in Antarctica. Capable of supporting more than 1200 residents, the population of the stationdrops to 150 brave (perhaps foolish) people when winter begins in March. Their task is to maintain the station during the months of total night. The biologists, astronomers(天文学家), geologists, and climate scientists who were there before, have gone, as any research is impossible in the brutal(残酷的) winter.
Every day the remaining stuff of maintenance personnel(维修人员) perform their routine(常规;例行程序)task and make repairs when needed. Sometimes they peer(凝视) through the darkness toward their friends from New Zealand, at Scott Base, about 2 miles away. Though most of the time they’re just voices on the radio, it’s nice to have neighbors not too far away. Together, they share a power grid(电网) and one coast of a dark forbidding(令人生畏的) continent.
Though the days are dark and freezing cold in the depths of winter, the moon will rest(休息) above the horizon(地平线上) for weeks at a time. Its pale(苍白的、无力的) light illuminates the cold, craggy(陡峭的，嶙峋) landscape as if acknowledging a companion and reaffirming the bonds of life. So even for those who live in the darkest part of the earth, there is light.
To acknowledge somethings means to recognize or admit its existence. The writer shares what it feels like to live and work in Antarctica.
On April 26, 1986, Unit 4 of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in northern Ukraine, then a part of the Soviet Union(苏联), was shut down(停工) for an unauthorized safety test. When the nuclear fuel rods(杆) hit the cooling water, the fission reaction(裂变反应) accelerated out of control due to a sudden power surge(动力高峰）. This caused the reactor to overheat and build up pressure until its structure failed and it blew up(爆炸), releasing large amounts of radiation. It took officials a whole
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