笔的原料主要是兽毛和竹管。制作一只好的毛笔要经过70多道工序，制笔工人们要从千千万万根羊毛、兔毛、黄鼠狼毛中一根一根地挑选，然后进行搭配组合，才能制成优质的毛笔。中国最有名的毛笔是浙江湖州生产的湖笔。湖笔有200多种，是中国文房四宝中的珍品。
砚 砚是研墨的工具，在中国已有3000多年的历史。端砚、歙砚、洮河砚、澄泥砚并称中国四大名砚。其中最著名的是端砚，由广东省肇庆市端溪出产的端石制成。端砚出墨快，墨汁不易干燥结冰。端砚不但是名贵的工艺品，还是献给皇帝的贡品。
纸、墨、笔、砚对中国文化和传统书画艺术的发展起到了非常重要的作用，一直到今天，人们仍称它们为 “文房四宝“。
The Four Treasures of Study
From ancient times till now, people rely on paper, inks-stick, brush and ink stone when they write and paint. People call these four stationeries “the Four Treasures of Study’’.
The Chinese four treasures of study owns numerous varieties. The most famous sorts of them are Xuan paper, Hui ink-stick, Hu brush and Duan ink stone.
Paper: The Xuan paper is a kind of precious papers. As early as in Tang Dynasty,
Xuan paper had been already presented as tribute to the emperor. Because of its source area is near Xuan city in the Anhui Province, people call it Xuan paper. The features of Xuan paper are pure white, fine, uniform, soft and stretchy, it has also good hydroscopicity. As soon as the ink drop on the Xuan paper, it permeate the paper immediately. This character can reflect the feature of Chinese calligraphies and paintings. Xuan paper can be deposited for a long time and will not be broken or color-changed, neither be damaged by worms. As a result, many Chinese ancient scripts and paintings can last for hundreds or thousands years without breakages.
Link-stick: In all ages, Chinese calligraphers and painters pay lot attention to
the use of ink-stick. The best Chinese ink-stick, Hui ink-stick comes from Huizhou in Anhui Province. People began to produce Hui ink-stick more than one thousand year ago, since Tang Dynasty. Hui ink-stick mainly comprises of precious traditional Chinese medicine and spice, sometimes gold is also been added. Account of its ingredients, Hui ink-stick has not only bright black luster, but also an exquisite fragrance. After several decades, it could also be used.
Brush: The pan of the Chinese four treasures of study indicates brush. The produce and use of brush can be traced back to thousands years ago. The main materials of brush are fur and bamboo drain. People need to get through more than
70 processes to produce a brush of good quality. The workers, who produce brushes, need to select furs from tens of thousands furs of sheep, rabbits and yellow weasels. After that they collocate and combine these furs, complete these selected brushes finally.
The most famous bush in China is the Hu brush comes from Huzhou in Zhejiang Province. Hu brush has more than 200 sorts and is the gem among the Chinese four treasures of study.
Ink stone: Ink stone is used for grinding ink and has more than 3000 years
history in China. Duan ink stone, She ink stone, Taohe ink stone and Chengni ink stone are regard as “four famous ink stones” in China. The most famous among them is Duan ink stone, which made by the Duan stone from Duanxi in Zhaoqing city in Guangdong Province. Duan ink stone produces ink quickly and the ink is difficult to dry or freeze. Duan ink stone is not only precious artwork, but also the tribute offered to the emperor.
Paper, inks-stick, brush and ink stone play an important role in the development of Chinese culture and traditional art of painting and calligraphy, to this day, they’re still called as the four treasures of study by people. 丝绸
中国是最早生产丝绸的国家。传说是黄帝的妻子嫘祖发明了养蚕、缫丝和织绸的技术。考古学家们认为，中国的桑蚕丝织技术，至少有4000多年的历史。丝绸很早就成了古代宫廷贵族的主要衣料和对外贸易的重要商品。
中国古代丝绸品种丰富多彩。自从2000多年以前，汉代著名的外交家张骞打通了通往欧洲、西亚许多地区的“丝绸之路”，华美的中国丝绸就开始源源不断地输往欧洲和西亚各国。西方人十分喜爱中国丝绸，据说，公元一世纪，一位古罗马皇帝曾穿着中国的丝绸袍去看戏，顿时轰动了整个剧场。从此，人们都希望能穿上中国的丝绸衣服，中国也因此被称为“丝国”。 丝绸美化了人们的生活，也促进了中国和世界各国的友好往来。
Silk
China is the earliest country to have produced silk. According to the legendary, the wife of Yellow Emperor, Lei Zu had invented the technology of breeding silkworms, spinning and weaving. Archaeologists believe the technology of silk weaving has at least a history of more than 4,000 years. Silk had been the main materials to make clothes for the noblemen and their families as well as an important commodity for export since long ago.
There are various kinds of ancient Chinese silk. More than 2000 years ago ,as early as the Han Dynasty, Zhangqian, a famous diplomat of the time, opened up a Silk Road leading to Western Asia and Europe. Since then, the delicate silks are being
continuously transported to those countries. Westerners were very fond of Chinese silk. It is said that during the first century AD, a Roman emperor went the theatre wearing silk, which made a great sensation among the audience. Since then, people wished to wear clothes made of Chinese silk. China, therefore, was called the \Country\
Silk has beautified people's life and promoted friendly exchanges between China and other countries. 扇子
扇子是人们消暑纳凉的工具。在炎热的夏季，它能给人带来阵阵清凉。自古以来，中国的扇子就带着艺术品的风韵，具有独特的民族风格。
大约在3000多年前的商周时期，中国就有扇子了。中国扇子的种类非常多，有纸扇、绢扇、葵扇、羽毛扇、竹编扇等。扇子的形状也有方有圆，还有梅花、海棠、葵花等形状。 在扇面上题诗作画，是中国扇子的一大特色。从古到今，中国许多著名的书法家、画家都喜欢“题扇”、“画扇”，留下了不少精美的佳作。 在中国最常见的是折扇，拿在手里既方便又潇洒。中国生产折扇最有名的地方时杭州。杭州折扇往往采用名贵的材料做扇骨。著名的黑纸扇、檀香扇、象牙扇，不但是中国扇子中的佳品，在世界上也很有名。
Fans
People often use fan as a tool to relieve summer heat and enjoy the cool. Chinese fans have the charm of art and unique national feature since ancient times.
The history of Chinese fan can be dated to over 3,000 years ago, around the Shang Dynasty. There’s now a great variety of fans in China, such as paper fan, silk fan, palm-leaf fan, feather fan, bamboo fan and so on. The shapes of fans are also various: quadrate, circular, shape in plum blossom, crabapple, sunflower etc.
Writing poems and painting pictures on the covering of fans is also a key feature of Chinese fan. In all ages, many Chinese calligraphers and painters enjoy writing and painting on the fans, they have left lots excellent works.
The most common fans in China are folding fan. Taking folding fans in the hand is convenient and makes people elegant. Hangzhou is the most famous place of producing folding fans in China. The framework of fans in Hangzhou is often made by rare material. The famous black paper fans, sandalwood fans and ivory fans belong to the good items among Chinese fans, they also enjoy great prestige in the world. 石狮
狮子是中国人心目中的“灵兽”，被誉为“百兽之王”。在中国，随处都可以见到石雕的狮子。
由于中国人把狮子视为吉祥、勇敢、威武的象征，所以人们在修建宫殿、府第、
房屋及陵墓时，总喜欢用石头雕成各种各样的狮子，安放在门口，用来“驱魔避邪”，把守大门。在古代，设置石狮子是有一定规矩的，一般门左边的是雄狮，雄狮的右脚踩着一只绣球象征威力。门右边的是雌狮，雌狮用左脚抚慰小狮子，象征子孙昌盛。
在中国历史上，北京曾是五个封建王朝的都城，因此，在北京城内外，遗存下许许多多各式各样的石狮。其中，天安门前的那对最大，中山公园社稷坛门外的那对最古老。人们常说“卢沟桥的狮子—数不清”，可见卢沟桥的石狮之多。现在人们在北京看到的石狮，大多是明清时代的工匠们雕刻的，显得比较温顺。如果要看汉唐时期强健威猛的石狮，只能到中国的另一个古都西安去观赏了。
如今，石狮作为威武和吉祥的象征，又出现在繁华的街市和银行、商厦、公园的门前。据说，狮子爱玩“夜明珠”，所以，石狮的口中多半都含着一颗能活动的圆球
Stone Lions
To Chinese people, lions represent mythical beast and have famous reputation for “King of all animals’’. In China, the stone lions sculptures can be seen everywhere. Chinese people regard lions as the symbol of auspiciousness, braveness and power, for this reason, people always like setting stone lions at the door when they build palaces, mansions, houses and tombs to exorcise evil spirits and guard gates. In ancient times, there were particular rules of setting lions. In a general way, the male lions were on the left side, stepping on a ball with right foot, this style indicates power. On the right side, the female lions seem to pat the lionets with left foot, which symbolize prosperous posterity.
In the Chinese history, China was the capital of five feudal dynasties. Therefore, people can find many various remaining stone lions in the Beijing city. The biggest stone lions are in front of Tiananmen, the oldest are at the door of the Alter of Land and Grain on the Zhongshan park. There’s an old saying: the stone lines on the railing of the Lugou Bridge are countless. It follows that there’re so many stone lions. Nowadays, most stone lions in Beijing are built in Ming and Qing Dynasties by craftsman, which seem to be quiet and meek. If you wan to appreciate the robustness and fierceness from the stone lions, you might as well go to another ancient capital city in China, Xian.
At present, stone lions are usually being used has a symbol of power and auspiciousness; they can be seen in the hustling downtown, in front of the doors of banks, commercial buildings and parks.
It is said that lions like playing luminous pearls, so there’s always a rolling ball in most stone lions’ mouth.
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