The newspaper began __1__ at the Syracuse, New York-based school in 1903. It has trained generations of reporters since. But The Daily Orange only prints a new issue three times a week.
Editor-in-chief Haley Robertson __2__ about where she will find former students willing to donate money so the newspaper can send reporters on the road to cover the university’s sports teams.
Media executives many years older than Robertson are __3__ similar problems. The news industry’s financial difficulties have spread to colleges and universities across the United States.
College journalism educators are changing the way they teach to ensure what their students are learning __4__ useful in an ever-changing media environment.
Chris Evans is president of the College Media Association, or CMA. He notes that __5__ college newspapers have shut but some have had to cut the number of times they publish each week.
Maddy Arrowood is the editor-in-chief of the University of North Carolina’s Daily Tar Heel. The newspaper moved to three days a week in 2017 when its directors realized they were almost out of money, she says.
The Hilltop newspaper at Howard University in Washington, D.C., __6__ with a $280,000 debt, printed its first edition of the school year in October. The Maneater at the University of Missouri used to print twice a week, then once. Now it is __7__ to once a month. It operates separately from a newspaper run by professors and students that covers the town of Columbia.
Editor Leah Glasser says The Maneater now __8__ workers yearly dues. In other words, they must actually pay money to work there. They can avoid the dues if they find a former student to support them or sell enough advertising to cover it.
Newspapers like The Daily Orange and Daily Tar Heel do not take money from the university or fellow students. The newspapers believe that represents a(n) __9__ of interest. However, most student newspapers do receive this kind of financial support.
Many journalism educators have at some point wondered to themselves: Am I preparing young people for a(n) __10__ industry? III Cloze
(A)
A new study suggests some language learning can take place during sleep. Researchers say they discovered people were able to learn new language words during __1__ levels of sleep. Sleeping hours are
__2__ considered unproductive time. But several studies have suggested some learning activity can happen. Studies involving mice provided __3__ that sleep learning is possible in the brain of mammals.
Other human studies, the Swiss researchers said, found that simple learning through sounds may be possible during sleep. But they added that “__4__ verbal learning” has not yet been demonstrated. Much of the earlier research found that memories made when people were awake were reinforced and strengthened during sleep. This __5__ the idea that information learned while awake is replayed and deeply embedded in the sleeping brain.
The researchers theorized that, __6__ replay during sleep improves the storage of information that is learned while awake, the processing and storage of new information should also be possible during sleep. The research group was led by Katharina Henke, a professor of Learning and Memory. The researchers carried out experiments on a group of young German-speaking men and women. The experiments __7__ on periods of deep sleep.
During normal sleep, human brain cells are __8__ active for only a short period of time before they enter a state of brief inactivity, the researchers said. The two states are continuously changing.
The researchers observed individuals in a controlled environment during brief periods of sleep. They recorded brain activity as pairs of words were played for the study subjects. One word in the pair was a(n) __9__ German word. The other was a made-up foreign word.
For later __10__ purposes, the German words chosen were things clearly larger or smaller than a shoebox. The researchers said the word pairs were played at a rhythm that is __11__ actual brain activity during deep sleep.
The goal was to create a __12__ memory link between the false word and the German word that individuals could identify when awake. When the subjects woke, they were __13__ with the false language words — both by sight and sound. They were then asked to guess whether the false word played during sleep represented an object smaller or larger than a shoebox.
During this part of the experiment, some of the subjects had their brain activity recorded by magnetic imaging technology. This was meant to __14__ brain activity when the subjects were giving their answers to the questions. Results of the study found that a majority of subjects gave more correct answers about the sleep-learned words than would be __15__ if they had only guessed at random.
1. A. deep
B. shallow
C. average
D. low
2. A. particularly 3. A. claim
B. partially B. belief
C. hardly C. evidence C. complex
D. generally D. conclusion D. structural D. supported D. because D. centered D. passionately D. real D. realization D. accustomed to D. missing D. fitted D. activate D. expected
4. A. simple 5. A. refuted 6. A. while
B. systematic B. criticized B. if
C. demonstrated C. though C. reflected
7. A. depended B. acted
8. A. negatively 9. A. false
B. scarcely B. new
C. commonly C. unfamiliar C. instruction C. available to C. permanent C. presented C. adjust
10. A. education 11. A. contrary to 12. A. lasting
B. identification B. similar to B. temporary B. associated B. measure
13. A. equipped 14. A. witness
15. A. confirmed
IV Translation
B. assessed C. explained
1. 只有我们成熟并失去母亲的保护伞，我们才会开始独立生活。(Only)
2. 出国旅游的人要注意自己的行为举止，遵守当地的风俗习惯，不能为所欲为。(observe)
3. 在未来的几十年里我们是否真的能把人类送到火星更多取决于财政而不是科学。(depend)
4. 进一所好大学只是实现梦想的第一步，在漫漫人生路上还有数不清的困难在等着我们。(admit)
Keys
1. F. 2. K. 3. G. 4. C. 5. H. 6. A. 7. I. 8. E. 9. B. 10. D 1. B. 2. G. 3. F. 4. C. 5. H. 6. J. 7. K. 8. D. 9. E 10. I 1, A. 2. E 3. F 4.G. 5. D 6.I. 7. H. 8. K. 9. B. 10. C 1-5 ADCCD. 6-10 BDCDB. 11-15 BACBD
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