一、“辩证唯物主义认识世界的基本出发点是:1,世界统一于物质,即世界是由物质组成的;2,物质的存在形式是运动。所以人们对世界的认识可归纳为\物质的运动\和\运动的物质\,语言作为人们思维认识的载体,自然也得体现这一客观规律“物质 + 运动”,即语法词法里的\名词 + 动词\,即语法句法里的\主语 +谓语\。所以啊,所有阅读里的长难句,唯名词动词也。看不懂长难句?抓不住名词,看不懂动词!” 名词和动词是英语句子里的主要两个组成部分。我们今天开篇第一篇长难句,就从明天开始讲吧。 先拉出去年的3月在长难句日志里讲过的一个句子吧,去年的部分同学和今年的升本的部分同学在课堂上也让大家看过这个句子,再巩固下。
Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
单词词组:Behaviorists行为主义者;stimuli刺激因素;capacity能力; appropriate适合的,相称的。 结构分析:大家见到这个句子别害怕。抓名词找动词。这句话很经典,经典在名词上。且听分析。这句话的主语是Behaviorists,谓语是suggest,that后边统统都是做suggest的宾语从句。在这个长长的宾语从句中主语是child,谓语是will experience,宾语是greater intellectual development。只要这个句子看出是我说的这个结构,就证明整个句子分析的很成功了。有些同学可能会对中间的“who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses ” 是做什么成分的感到很困惑。像上个句子中所说的,英文里边名词要包装,中间的这么多单词都是用来包装名词的:“who is raised in an environment”这个定语从句用来包装child; 同时在这个定语从句的末尾出现了个名词叫做“environment”,这也是个名词啊,这个名词也得包装啊,所以environment后边又出现了个定语从句“where there are many stimuli ”;无独有偶,在“where there are many stimuli ”这个定语从句的最后又出现了个名词“stimuli”,这又是个活生生的名词啊,这个名词按照英文的传统是不会轻易放过这个名词的,所以,在stimuli后边又出现了个定语从句“which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses”来包装stimuli! 知识扩展:同志们,这个句子像上个句子一样都充分体现了英文中“名词要包装”的原则!在上写作课和阅读课时候,我一直在不厌其烦地强调名词很重要,一直在强调读长难句只要抓住了名词一个看起来机构混乱的句子结构就相对比较清晰了。反过来说,如果我们在写作文的时候想把一个只有主谓宾三个单词的简单句扩展到一个长难句,是不是要也要像这个句子一样在名词的后边加定语从句呢?来吧,把我们的经历多放在句子的名词吧,那样,你会发现英文长难句so easy!
参考译文:行为主义者的看法是,如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大,而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力,那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。
2、In each case ivestors—mainly , but not entirely , foreign banks who had made short-term loans—all tried to pull their money out at the same time.
单词词组:In each case 在每种情况下; ivestors 投资者; short-term 短期的;loan 贷款。
结构分析:这个句子可以切分为: In each case ivestors—( mainly , but not entirely , foreign banks who had made short-term loans)—all tried to pull their money out at the same time。括号外是主句,
主语是 ivestors,谓语是 tried to pull out,宾语是 their money ,介词短语 In each case 和 at the same time均是状语;括号内容将主句的主语是和谓语阻隔,属于分裂结构,该结构是 ivestors 的同位语,其中的 who 从句是 foreign banks 的定语。
参考翻译:在每种情况下,投资者们——主要是、但不全是做短期贷款的外国银行—都试图同时撤资。 3、But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat. 单词: bulk:体积,容积;commodity:商品; have sb. by the throat 掐...的脖子
:这个句子来自于03年考研考试真题,咱们体会下考研真题的长难句的难度。 我觉得大家看到这个句子后都能分清主干是 many shippers complain that ,而that后边是宾语从句。再者,本宾语从句中for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly 是一个句子,and后边的 the railroads therefore have them by the throat是另外一个句子,两个句子并列。 也就是说,这个宾语从句是由两个并列句构成的。 这也是这个句子的第一个难点所在。在第一个并列句中, for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain是做句子主干trucking is too costly的伴随状语,这是这个句子的第二个难点所在。 破解了这两个难点,这个考研句子也就不在话下了。
翻译:但是,众多托运客户却抱怨说,长途运输大宗货物,比如煤炭,化学品和粮食,用载重汽车运输成本太高,因此铁路部门会掐他们的脖子。
4、He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. 单词: assert:断言; abstract:抽象的,摘要;train of thought:一系列想法
结构分析: 本句来自08考研真题。 本句的主干是he asserted.... + that .....引导的宾语从句。该从句本身又是一个复合句, 主句是...his power ...was limited; for which reason ...引出原因从句,该从句又包含一个that he never could have succeeded...的宾语从句。
翻译: 他还坚持认为,他进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力非常有限,因此认定他在数学方面也许永远不可能取得成绩。
5、 The Second World War, as did the earlier one of 1914, prompted public concern about the physical and intellectual well-being of the country human resources.
单词: prompt:推动,促使。这个单词在专升本考研中都很常见。我最早见这个单词还是在上高中的时候,我们学校旁边开了一个大型超市,经常见超市里贴个大型海报,上边写个promption,后来才知道这是促销的意思。 physical身体的;intellectual知识的,智力的;well-being福祉,福利;the physical and intellectual well-being 身体和精神福利; human resources人力资源。
结构分析: 本句的主语是The Second World War ,中间的两个逗号中间的 as did the earlier one of 1914 是插入语,在阅读和写作课堂上我经常说两个逗号之间是插入语,甚至在写作课堂上还给大家总结
了好几个能够把句子拉长的“万能和稀泥”插入语,专门用于把句子拉长。 谓语是 prompted。宾语是public concern. concern 是名词,故后边跟了个介宾短语 about the physical and intellectual well-being 来修饰包装名词concern,还记得我们第一篇日志中所说的名词要包装原则吗? well-being又是名词,所以后边又跟了 of the country human resources 来修饰限定名词well-being,名词处处要包装啊。
翻译: 就像1914年的上一次世界大战一样,第二次世界大战亦推动了公众对整个国家人力资源身体和精神福利的关注。
6、今天的句子很简单,是一个否定结构。
A man who has received a kindness cannot be too grateful for it.
结构分析: can not......too.....意为It is impossible to overdo....., 或the more, the better, 即“无论怎样也不为过”; 其中的can表可能性,too有over之意,可换用enough, 或sufficient等; 不用not而用其他否定词,如hardly, scarcely等也可;主语是A man, 谓语是can not be, 表语是grateful, for it 是状语, it指代前面的kindness, who引导的是主语的定语从句。
翻译: 得到别人恩惠的人无论怎样感谢都不为过。
7、Our hope for creative living in this world house that we have inherited lies in our ability to re-established the moral ends of our lives in personal character and social justice.
单词词组: creative : 创造性的;inherited:继承;moral:道德;character:性格;social justice:社会公平。
结构分析:这句话主句为:our hope lies in ...。Hope 是名词,名词需要包装,所以后边跟了个介词for 再加名词creative来包装hope。句子再往后边走,我们又发现了个名词living,所以后边就用了in this world house来包装living。再往后边走,House又是名词,所以后边跟了个that引导的定语从句来包装house。在that引导的这个定语从句中,我们又发现ability又是个名词,所以又用介宾机构to re-established 来包装ability。再往后边走,发现又有个名词ends,所以后边又跟了个介宾结构of our lives 来包装ends。re-established A in B 是个固定结构,意思是“把A重新建立在B 上”,所以,同志们,ends后边的in personal...这个介宾结构并不是用来包装ends这个名词的,这里边这个in其实是“re-established A in B”这个固定结构中的in。希望大家能明白。
参考翻译:我们希望富有创造性地上火在我们继承的这个世界家庭当中,这个希望存在于我们是否有能力在个人性格和社会公平方面重建生活的道德目标。
8、There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young.
单词词组:marked difference: 显著的不同;deliberate: 专门的,故意的,深思熟虑的。
结构分析: 这句非常简单。主干句为: There is a marked difference. difference 是个名词,名词要包装,所以difference后边跟了个介词短语between the education and the deliberate educating 来修饰包装名词difference(还记得前边日志里边讲的名词要包装原则吗? 只不过前边的日志里的名词的包装是在名词后边加定语从句,这个句子中的名词包装是在名词后边加介词短语而已)。同时,
education是个名词,这个名词需要再包装下,怎么包装呢,这次采取了一个定语从句“which every one gets from living with others ”来包装了。deliberate educating中的educating也是名词,这个名词也需要包装,怎么包装呢? of the young是介词加名词的介宾结构来包装名词educating。所以,还是那句话,对付句子结构不是特别复杂的句子,只需要抓住了名词,句子的结构就比较清晰了。
参考翻译:一个人与他人共同生活时候所得到的教育和对于年轻人所进行的专门的教育之间是存在着明显的差异的。
9、Inside the pannier were about ten of the little red notebooks I take everywhere for jotting down ideas for articles, short stories, TV shows and the like.
单词: pannier:挂篮,这个单词很偏,不懂的同学木事儿;notebook:笔记本;jot down:快速记录,
这个单词也比较偏;
结构分析: 本句是个倒装结构。这种倒装结构和我写作课上给大家讲过的描写图画的倒装结构类似,听过课的同学有印象吗? 没听过课的同学看这里: Inside the pannier (表语)were (系动词)about ten of the little red notebooks(主语). notebooks后边的“ I take everywhere for jotting down ideas for articles, short stories, TV shows and the like. ”统统是定语从句,来修饰notebooks. 在这个长长的定语从句里,everywhere是地点状语,“for jotting down ideas”是目的状语,而后边的 for articles, short stories, TV shows and the like则是修饰jotting down,表示其目的的。
翻译: 在挂篮里有大约十个红色的小笔记本,无论去哪里我总随身带着以记录下文章,短篇故事,电视剧,诸如此类的灵感。
10、The question is how what you have learned can be put into practice.
结构分析: 此句中,特殊疑问词how引导名词性从句,和前面的the question is 形成主系表结构,作句子的表语,即表语从句;在此从句中,需关注what you have learned,它是特殊疑问词what引导的名词性从句,在表语从句中充当主语的成分(即主语从句),其谓语是
can be put, 句末的into practice是地点状语,修饰put。今天的比较简单,你看懂了吗?
翻译: 问题是如何将你已经习得的只是付诸实践。
11、For the first time, the Chinese have become the biggest foreign buyers of
apartments in Manhattan, real estate brokers estimate, taking the mantle from the Russians - whose activity has dropped off since the unrest in Ukraine and the imposition of sanctions against Russia by the United States.
结构分析:这句话来自于四月份的路透社,报道的是中国的富人阶层已经接替俄罗斯人成了美国纽约曼哈顿不动产的主要购买者。本句子的主干是 real estate brokers estimate,句子的其他成分都是宾语从句。宾语从句中采用的结构是我们在写作课上说的do A, doing B结构。Do A结构 = For the first time, the Chinese have become the biggest foreign buyers of apartments in Manhattan。doingB结构 = taking the mantle from the Russians - whose activity has dropped off since the unrest in Ukraine and the imposition of sanctions against Russia by the United States.Do A结构中的句式比较简单,长难句日志写了第六十篇了,相信大家都会分析了。doing B结构中, whose activity has dropped off since the unrest in Ukraine and the imposition of sanctions
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