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学家
unique / ju:?ni:k / adj．独特的 disrupt / dis?r?pt /使中断
immigrate / ??m??gre?t / vt．使移居入境 scanner / ?sk?n? / n．扫描仪 bilingual / ba??l??gw(?) l / adj．具备双语能力的
神经系统科neuroscientist /'nj??r??'sa??nt?st / n．注释：
1．Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a
second language.现在他说一口流利的英语，并且有一独特的机会来审视我们的大脑是如何适应第二语言的。adapt to：适应
2．MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)：磁共振成像
3．Bmca’s area：布洛卡区，也译为布罗卡区是大脑的一区，它主管语言讯息的处理、话语的产生。与Wernicke’s area共同形成语言系统。布若卡区与韦尼克区通常位于脑部的优势半脑(通常位于左侧），这是由于大多数人(97%)是右利的缘故。1861年法国神经学家兼外科医生保罗。布罗卡（Paul Broca，1824—1880)对一些失语症患者进行研究及治疗时发现此一区域，位于大脑皮层额下回后部的44、45区，故以其发现者的名字命名为布罗卡区。 练习：
A But their use of Broca’s area was different.
B One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children. C How does Hirsch explain this difference?
D We use special parts of the brain for language learning. E And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class. F Their work led to an important discovery. 答案与题解： 1．F 根据本空的后一句：They found evidence that children and adults don’t use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language.其中they found evidence与discovery相呼应。 2．B 依据本空的后一句The other consisted of people who, like Kim, learned their second language later in life. one. . . the other是一固定搭配，用来比较同类事物。 3．A 整段讲的是Kim他们对大脑的两个语言中心的分析，得出两组被试都用Wernicke’s area
中同一地带，紧接着该谈被试们使用Broca’s area的情况。
4．C 本段的开头谈到孩子学习第一和第二语言都用Broca’s area相同的地带；而成人学习第
二语言时使用Broca’s area不同的地带。后面都是Hirsch对这一现象的解释；He believes…根据上下文C是恰当的。
5．E 该句是全文的结束语。本段前两句都讲成年人与小孩习得语言的不同，Hirsch认为，
母亲教小孩说话用不同于成人的方法，比如用触摸、声音和情景。Different是一关键词，所以，我们在中学和大学课堂学语言的方法和母亲教孩子的方法是不同的。
第十篇 How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear
Most people think of Beethoven’s hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music. However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.
This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity1, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view. ____1____. In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.
Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf. They continue to “hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.
____2____. He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months: “my former musical experiences began to play back to me. I couldn’t differentiate between what I heard
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and real hearing.2 After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these play backs, to ‘ hear’ music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods. ”
How is it that the world we see，touch，hear，and smell is both “out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant3. ____3____. However, it might be possible to use the brain’s remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.
When Michael Edgar first “switched on” his cochlear implant, the sounds he heard were not at all clear. Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds. For example, “The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”
The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others. When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.4 ____4____. He said, “I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time. The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ‘ clarity’ to hearing in my head.5”
Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect，but which can change their lives. ____5____. Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.
词汇：
obstacle / ??bst?k(?)l /n．障碍
biographer / bai??ɡr?f? / n．传记作者 insistent / ?n?s?st(?)nt / adj．连续的
adversity / ?d?v ?:s?t? / n．逆境；不幸
fascinate / ?f?s?ne?t / vt． 使着迷，使神魂颠倒 accompaniment / ??k?mp(?)nim(?)nt / n． 伴奏
注释：
1．the triumph of will over adversity：the successful overcoming of difficulty through determination用意志力成功战胜不幸
2．I couldn’t differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.我不能分辨我听到的和真实的声
音有什么不同。
3．cochlear implant：a device, surgically placed in the ear, that changes sounds into electric signals人工耳蜗；耳蜗植入 4．But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.但是，如果碰到钟爱的音乐，
人工耳蜗没有任何帮助。（我不用人工耳蜗就能听出来） 5．The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added “clarity” to hearing in my head.
由于我手指在钢琴上的飞动，我能感觉到琴键，因而使我听到的东西在脑海里更加清晰。 练习：
A No man-made device could replace the ability to hear. B When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano. C Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies, hearing is irrelevant. D Michael Eagar, who died in 2003,became deaf at the age of 21. E Beethoven produced his most wonderful works after he became deaf.
F Solomon argues that Beethoven’s deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer. 答案与题解：
1．F 本段的开头讲：贝多芬的例子是一个意志力战胜耳聋的极好的例子。但是，他的传记
作家Maynard Solomon却持不同的意见。贝多芬的耳聋不是一种灾难；相反，对他成为作曲家起到了促进作用。后一句解释了耳聋如何使贝多芬更好地创作。
2．D 该句是本段的开头，根据后一句：他描述了在三个月之内发生的奇妙的现象：我先前
的音乐经历开始在我的脑海里回放。再有后一句的what I heard and real hearing可以判定D是恰当的。
3．A 依据前一句：只有人工耳蜗才能使外部刺激和内心感知联系起来（耳聋的人通过人工
耳蜗听到外部的声音）。人工耳蜗就是一种man-made device，后一句也是在讲人工耳蜗的
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功能。所以A是对的。
4．B 依据后一句的play the piano呼应When he wanted to appreciate music, Eagar played the
piano，可以断定答案为B。
5．C 前一句讲人工耳蜗的作用：它能使耳聋的人听到声音，尽管不完美，但改变了他们的
生活；Still表示转折，该句承上启下，虽然人工耳蜗能帮助耳聋的人，但谈到音乐的韵律时，听力是不相关的（听力不起作用）。所以后一句讲贝多芬在他生命的最后时刻创作第九交响乐时，无论多么完美的人工耳蜗对他来说都没有用。
第十五篇 A Memory Drug?
IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug. ____1____ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work. As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.1
Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking 2
LTP and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice. ____2____ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.
If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments. ____3____ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues. Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs. If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise. How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life?
____4____ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services. Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities? Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t.4 The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup. As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones. Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals. But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience?5 ____5____ 词汇：
tantalizing / ?t?nt?la?z?? / adj．诱人的
synaptic / s??n?pt?k / adj．(解剖学）突触的 steroid / ?st??r??d / n．类固醇
onslaught / ??nsl?:t / n．大量
lucrative / ?lu:kr?t?v / adj．有利可图的 hit /hit / n．(演出等）成功
注释：
1．As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.随着科学家们
对记忆了解增多，我们正接近这一诱人的目标。
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2．LTP&SNMDA：(Long-term Potentiation)给突触前纤维一个短暂的髙频剌激后，突触传递效
率和强度增加几倍且能持续数小时至几天保持这种增强的现象。LTP发现海马LTP可能是学习记忆的分子基础。1973年Bliss及其合作者，电刺激麻醉兔的内嗅皮层，使海马表层的穿通纤维兴奋，可在齿状回记录到场电位。先用高频电刺激几秒钟后，再用单个电刺激，记录到的部分场电位幅度大大超过原先记录的对照值，并可持续几小时，几天。这一现象称为长时程增强效应(LTP)。1983年发现NMDA(N—甲基一D—门冬氨酸）受体通道复合体在LTP过程中起重要作用，进一步深化了对LTP在大脑学习记忆中作用的理解。 3．a spatial layout：空间布局
4．Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could
forget but can’t：增强记忆药对我们想忘记却又不能的令人烦扰的记忆变得令人易于接受。 take the sting out of：使……易于被接受；使 ……令人感到愉快
5．But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? 中的come to terms with：让步；屈服
练习：
A Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory. B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease. C What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace? D We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future. E There is a pill that you could take every day to allow you to remember everything. F The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor，which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP. 答案与题解：
1．B依据上一句的“很难想象一种提高人们记忆力的药会受到人们吹捧”；下面应该对这一现
象做出解释，即这种药物有什么疗效；而后一句的Furthermore这一指示词起到了递进的作用，进一步说明这种药物的益处。More than ：非常，极其，十分
2．F前一句的关键词是gene、LTP和mice，它讲的是有些令人兴奋的证据是从研究中得出的；该研究基于早期连接LTP和记忆的发现，该结果确定了提髙老鼠记忆的基因；而后一句进一步阐述这一发现，开头的mice可以是一个连接词。
3．A前一句讲：如果这种结果用于人类的话，人们就有可能把提高人的记忆力用于临床。这一句讲：就像类固醇用于提髙人的肌肉能力，这种药物也可以提高人的记忆力。
4．C一般情况下，每一段的第一句都是本段的主题句。而该句是一个问句：这种提高记忆力的药物用于职场有什么潜在的启示呢？紧接着本段其余几句都提出关于这种药物是否会对职场的提升有什么影响的问题。
5．D本句是全文的最后一句。应该是总结性的。鉴于前面都列举了这种提高记忆力的药所面临的一系列问题，所以，我们在不久的将来要面临这些问题。
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