基于单片机的步进电机控制系统设计--毕业论文

2013届 分 类 号：TM383.6 单位代码：10452

毕业论文（设计）

基于单片机的步进电机控制系统设计

姓 名

学 号 年 级 专 业

电气工程及其自动化 系 （院）

汽车学院

指导教师

2013年 4月 26日

临沂大学2013届本科毕业设计说明书

摘 要

步进电机是将电脉冲信号转变为角位移或线位移的开环控制元件。在非超载的情况下，电机的转速、停止的位置只取决于脉冲信号的频率和脉冲数，而不受负载变化的影响，即给电机加一个脉冲信号，电机则转过一个步距角。这一线性关系的存在，加上步进电机只有周期性的误差而无累积误差等特点。使得在速度、位置等控制领域用步进电机来控制变的非常的简单。步进电机的调速一般是改变输入步进电机的脉冲的频率来实现步进电机的调速，因为步进电机每给一个脉冲就转动一个固定的角度，这样就可以通过控制步进电机的一个脉冲到下一个脉冲的时间间隔来改变脉冲的频率，延时的长短来具体控制步进角来改变电机的转速，从而实现步进电机的调速。在本设计方案中采用AT89C51型单片机内部的定时器改变CP脉冲的频率从而实现对步进电机的转速进行控制，实现电机调速与正反转的功能。

关键词：单片机；步进电机；调速系统

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临沂大学2013届本科毕业设计说明书

Abstract

Step-by-step electric motor is the ring opening gating element changing electricity pulse signal into angular displacement or line displacement. Under the situation of must overload, the electric motor rotation rate , discontinuous location depend on pulse signal frequency and pulse number only , make free from being loaded with the effect changing ,but be that being added a pulse signal , the electric motor by electric motor is to have rotated a step spur angle. This gleam of the sexual relationships existence, adds step-by-step electric motor characteristics such as only having the cyclicity error but there being no accumulative error. Feasible simplicity controlling a field using step-by-step electric motor to come to control changeable extraordinary in speed , location etc. Step-by-step electric motor speed regulation general be change import step-by-step electric motor pulse frequency come true step-by-step electric motor speed regulation, because of step-by-step electric motor every be given to a pulse right away rotate one fixed angle, such right away not bad pass under the control of step-by-step electric motor a pulse arrive at next pulse period come to change pulse frequency,Come to control the speed regulation , realizing step-by-step electric motor thereby to come to change the electric motor rotation rate step-by-step angle concretely the deferred length. Frequency adopt the internal timer of AT89C51 type monolithic machine to change CP pulse in the design plan in realizes the speed regulation controlling , realizing an electric motor and the function that the positive and negative rotates being in progress to step-by-step electric motor rotation rate thereby.

Keywords：Step-by-step electric motor; Monolithic machine; Speed regulation system

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临沂大学2013届本科毕业设计说明书

目 录

1绪论 .................................................................... 1 2步进电机概述 ............................................................ 1 2.1步进电机的特点 ...................................................... 1 2.2步进电机的工作原理 .................................................. 2 2.3步进电机的技术参数 .................................................. 2 2.3.1步进电机的静态指标术语 .......................................... 2 2.3.2步进电机动态指标及术语 .......................................... 2 2.4步进电机的分类 ...................................................... 3 2.5步进电机的内外结构 .................................................. 4 3步进电机常见的控制方案与驱动技术简介 .................................... 4 3.1常见的步进电机控制方案 .............................................. 4 3.1.1基于电子电路的控制 .............................................. 4 3.1.2基于PLC的控制 .................................................. 5 3.1.3基于单片机的控制 ................................................ 5 3.2步进电机驱动技术 .................................................... 6 4 方案的论证 .............................................................. 7 4.1控制方式的确定 ...................................................... 7 4.2驱动方式的确定 ...................................................... 8 4.3驱动电路的选择 ...................................................... 9 4.4基本方案的确定 ...................................................... 9 5硬件电路的设计 ......................................................... 10 5.1单片机的选择 ....................................................... 10 5.1.1单片机的引脚功能 ............................................... 10 5.1.2 主要特性 ....................................................... 11 5.2 步进电机的选择 ..................................................... 12 5.2.1 三相单三拍通电方式 ............................................. 13 5.2.2 三相双三拍通电方式 ............................................. 13 5.3驱动电路的选择 ..................................................... 15 5.4显示电路与键盘的选择 ............................................... 17 5.5反馈电路的选择 ..................................................... 19 5.5.1光电编码器原理 ................................................. 20 6软件的设计 ............................................................. 21

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