anybody在肯定句、否定句、疑问句、条件句中的用法，大致和some, any的用法相同。
2) few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别 ①用作形容词： 含义 用法 用于可数名词 用于不可数名词 表示肯定 a few虽少，但有几个 a little，虽少，但有一点 表示否定 few不多，几乎没有 little不多，没有什么 I'm going to buy a few apples.
He can speak only a little Chinese.
There is only a little milk in the glass. He has few friends.
They had little money with them. ②a little和little也可以用作副词，a little表示“有点，稍微”，little表示“很少”。 I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry) Let him sleep a little. (修饰动词sleep)
Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰副词比较级) She slept very little last night.
3)other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。 用 法 不定 特定 代名词 单数 another 另一个 复数 others 别人，其他人 单数 another (boy) 另一个（男孩） 形容词 复数 other (boys) 其他男孩 the other the others 另一个 其余那些人、物 the other (boy) the other (boys) 另一个男孩 其余那些男孩 ①other可以作形容词用，后面可以跟单数或复数名词，意思是“其他的、别 的”。
Where are his other books?
I haven't any other books except this one.
②other也可以用作代词，与冠词the连用构成“the other”，表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。
He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old. She held a ruler in one hand and an exercise-book in the other. ③other作代词用时，可以有复数“others”，泛指“另外的人或物”。常与some搭配构成“some ...., others ...”句型。
Some went to the cinema, others went swimming.
This coat is too large. Show me some others, please. ④“the others”表示特指某范围内的“其他的人或物”。
We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock. In our class only Tom is English, the others are Chinese. ⑤another可以作形容词用，修饰后面的名词，意为“另一个”，还可以跟代词one. You can see another ship in the sea, can't you?
Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? ⑥another也可以作代词用，表示“另一个”。
I'm still hungry after I've had this cake. Please give me another. 4)every与each的区别。 each 1)可单独使用 2)可做代名词、形容词 3)着重“个别” 4)用于两者或两者以上中的每一个人或物 every 1)不可单独使用 2)仅作形容词 3)着重“全体”，毫无例外 4)用于三者或三者以上每一个人或物 The teacher gave a toy to each child. Each ball has a different colour.
当我们说each child, each student或each teacher时，我们想到的是一个人的情况。而当我们说every child和every student时，我们想到的是全体的情况，every的意思与all接近，表示他们都如此。
Every student loves the English teacher. = All students love the English teacher. Every child likes playing. = All children like playing. 5)all和both的用法。
①all指三者以上，或不可数的东西。谓语动词既可以用单数，也可以用作复数。在句中作主语、表语、宾语、同位语和定语。
All of us like Mr Pope. 我们都喜欢Pope先生。（作主语） = We all like Mr Pope. (作同位语)
All the water has been used up. (作主语) That's all for today. (作表语)
Why not eat all (of) the fish? (作宾语) All the leaders are here. (作定语) ②both作代词。
a.与其他名词或代词并列出现，表示“两个都”。 Lucy and Lily both agree with us.
They both passed on their sticks at the same time. How are your parents? They're both fine. b.与“of +代词（或名词）”连用，表示“两者都”。 Both of them came to see Mary.
Both of the books are very interesting. c.单独使用，表示“两者（都）”。
Michael has two sons. Both are clever.
I don't know which book is the better, I shall read both. ③both用作形容词，放在名词之前，修饰该名词，表示“两者都”。 Both his younger sisters are our classmates.
. There are tall trees on both sides of the street. 6. 相互代词
表示相互关系的代词叫做相互代词。相互代词有each other 和one another两种形 式。在当代英语中，each other和one another没有什么区别。相互代词可在句中作宾语，定语。作定语用时，相互代词用所有格形式。
We should learn from each other / one another. （作宾语）
Do you often write to each other / one another? （作宾语） We often borrow each other's / one another's books. （作定语）
The students corrected each other's / one another's mistakes in their homework. （作定语） 7. 疑问代词
疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑 问句中，一般都放在句首，并在句子中作为某一句子成分。例如： Who is going to come here tomorrow? （作主语） What is that? (作表语)
Whose umbrella is this? (作定语) Whom are you waiting for? (作宾语) 8.关系代词
关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如：
I hate people who talk much but do little.
I’m looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter. With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies. Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?
三.巩固练习
1. Tom, Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers. A. you B. me C. him D. her
2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are ______ new words in it. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few 3. ---You want ________ sandwich?
---Yes, I usually eat a lot when I’m hungry. A. other B. another C. others D. the other
4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _______.
A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs
5. ---Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk? ---______________, thanks. I’d like a cup of tea. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
6. ---Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food. ---Never mind. You can have ________. A. us B. ours C. you D. yours
7. ---Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning? ---_______ is OK. I’m free today and tomorrow. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None
8. ---How are you going to improve _______ this term? ---Work harder than last term.
A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself 9. ---Could you tell me _______ she is looking for? ---Her cousin, Susan.
A. that B. whose C. who D. which 10. ---Is _______ here?
---No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave. A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody
11. Paul has _______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely. A. many B. some C. few D. more
12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, you’ll have to pay ______ $ 30. A. more B. other C. the other D. another 13. ---Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?
---Yes. I have two sons. But ______ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America?
A. neither B. both C. none D. either
14. ---Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe? ---No. _______ of them can use a computer. A. None B. Both C. Neither D. All
15. Who taught _______ English last term? Was _____ Mr. Smith? A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that
16. ---That woman has a bag in her right hand. What’s in her _____ hand? A. another B. other C. one D. the other
17. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _______. A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves 18. ---Is there a bus to the zoo?
---I’m afraid there’s _______ bus to the zoo. A. no B. any C. some D. none
19. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _______. A. me B. my C. mine D. myself
20. This is ______ classroom. Where is _______?
A. our; them B. us; they C. our; theirs D. ours; theirs
四.答案
1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.A 19.C 20.C
第12章 名词
一.概念
名词是表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称的词,有专有名词和普通名词之分,还有可数名词与不可数名词之分.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.名词复数的规则变化 情况 一般情况 构成方法 加 -s 读音 清辅音后读/s/ map-maps 例词 浊辅音和元音后读 bag-bags /car-cars /z/ 以s, sh, ch, x等加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses/ watch-watches 结尾 以ce, se, ze,等结尾 加 -s 读 /iz/ 读 /z/ license-licenses baby---babies 以辅音字母+y结尾 变y 为i再加es 2.其它名词复数的规则变化 1） 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。例如： two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 2） 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos； b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如zero---zeros / zeroes。 3） 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs； b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves；
c. 上述a和b两种方法均可，如handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves。 3.名词复数的不规则变化
1） child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2） 单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan，two li，
three mu，four jin等。但除人民币的元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如：a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters。 3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。例如：
people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle, the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4） 以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为单数。 b. news 为不可数名词。
c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。
d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。例如：
\《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。
5） 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜） trousers, clothes等，若表达
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