语法探究—限制性和非限制性定语从句
定语从句可分为限制性定语从句(Restrictive Attributive Clause)和非限制性定语从句(Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause)，下面将这两类定语从句作一比较。 一、限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，对它有限制作用。因此，不可缺少，否则会影响全句的意义。限制性定语从句前一般不用逗号。例如：
There is much that will be unpleasing to the English readers. 有许多东西将会使英国读者不愉快。
I shall never forget the day when we first met in the park. 我永远不会忘记我们在公园相见的那一天。 Is there a shop around where we can get fruit? 附近有可以买到水果的商店吗？
Do you know the reason why I came late? 你知道我迟到的缘故吗？
“限制”是指概念上的限制，把一般的概念限制为特定的概念。所以，本身已经十分特殊的名词，如专有名词、带有形容词性物主代词或是形容词性指示代词作限定词的名词词组，其后的定语从句通常都是非限制性的。例如：
Her mother, who had long suffered from arthritis, died last year. 她母亲去年去世，此前她长期患有关节炎。（因mother前有限定词her，使用非限制性定语从句为宜。）
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
在限制性定语从句中，关系代词如果作宾语，可以省略。例如： We have got the instrument (that) we need. 我们买到了所需要的仪器。 二、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句与所修饰的名词（先行词）关系松驰，只提供有关该名词的补充情况或附加说明。即使去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时，往往用逗号与主句分开。例如： Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。
Once more I am in Boston, where I have not been for ten years. 我又来到了波士顿，我有十年没有到这里来了。
非限制性定语从句形式上是从句，其功能实质上相当于一个分句。有时，甚至可以将其译成状语从句。例如：
Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到了玛丽，玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。（who实际上=and she）
When he was seventeen he went to a technical school in Zurich, Switzerland, where he studied mathematics and physics.
他17岁时，到瑞士苏黎世一专科学校上学，他在那里学习数学和物理学。(where=and there) We don’t like the room, which is cold. 我们不喜欢那个房间，它很冷。（which is cold=since it is cold） He said he was busy, which was untrue. 他说他很忙，其实不然。（which was untrue=though it was untrue）
We need him, who knows some English. 我们需要他，他懂些英语。（who knows some English=for he knows some English）
非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不能省略，that和why不可引导非限制性定语从句。例如： Wang Xin, whom Lao Li knows well, is our group leader. 王欣是我们的组长，小李对他很了解。（该句中whom不可省略，亦不可为that取代） which和as引导的非限制性定语从句可修饰整个主句或主句的一部分，as从句还可置于主句之前。例如：
He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn’t like. 他星期天得工作，这是他不喜欢的。
As you know, the work is very difficult.你们知道，这项工作很难。
which和whom在引导非限制性定语从句时常和of或其他介词连用。例如：
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 公共汽车大部分都已满载，周围是一大群愤怒的人。
Her sons, both of whom work abroad, ring her up every week. 她的两个儿子都在国外工作，每周都给她打电话。 which引导非限制性定语从句有时可作定语。例如：
Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French. 汤姆在大学待了四年，在此期间他学了法语。
I may have to go into hospital, in which case I won’t be going on holiday. 我可能得住院，如果那样我就不去度假了。
As is known to all, the earth goes around the sun. 正如我们所知，地球绕着太阳转。
as指代后面一句话的内容，这时只能用as,因为which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于句末，而as引导的非限制性定语从句既可放在句末，也可置于句中或句首。如上面的句子还可以写作：
The earth, as we know, goes around the sun.
此外as在引导非限制性定语从句时，有“正如、似”的含义，所以下列结构中多用as: as has been said above 如上所述 as anybody can see 正如人人所看到的那样 as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样
［典例解析］
① He was much kinder to his youngest son than to others,______, of course, made the others envy him.
A. who B. that C. what D. which
[解析]本题考查非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整个句子，which所引导的句子对前面主句起补充说明作用。做题时，先排除B.C两项，因为它不能引导非限制性定语从句， 而A项只能引导先行词是人的定语从句。 答案：D
② ______is known to everybody, the moon travels around the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What
[解析]此题考查定语从句，放在句首只能用as。若选A应为：It is known to everybody that the moon… 答案：B 当堂达标
单项填空
1. ---- I found my wallet, but now it disappears. ----__________.
A. What a shame! B. You’re too careless. C. It doesn’t matter. D. Bad news for me
2. Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health still _____ poor. A. remains B. gets C. seems D. grows
3. Some of the books _____ me, while the rest are his and hers.
A. belonged to B. are belonged to C. belonging to D. belong to
4. At that time, China was _____ Japan, so going abroad was extremely difficult. A. at the war with B. at the war against C. at war with D. during the war with 5. There is no doubt _____ America is a developed country. A. whether B. if C. that D. which
6. He was ______ by his workmates though he himself didn’t think he had done anything special. A. thought highly B. thought poorly C. thought highly of D. thought little of
7. Peter pretended ______ me when I passed the coffee shop.
A. not to see B. having not see C. not see D. not seeing
8. The reference book, mainly ______ use in colleges, is a bestseller this year. A. designed for B. designed to C. designing of D. designing for 9. --Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favor? --Of course. What is it?
--I ______ if you could tell me how to fill out this form.
A. could wonder B. was wondering C. would wonder D. should wonder 10. He _____ the bag, but saw nothing in it.
A. looked through B. looked into C. looked out of D. looked up 11. These buildings are in a bad _____ of repair.
A. state B. people C. nation D. country 12. I can’t imagine ______ at a person in poor condition. A. you laughed B. you laughing
C. for you to laugh D. why laughing
13. _____ his immediate help with my sick daughter, I treated him in an expensive restaurant. A. In return for B. Because of C. Thanks to D. In case of
14. The _____ candles _____the room, making it look much more beautiful. A. lit; lighted B. lit; lit C. lighting; lighted D. lighted; lit 15. I would walk to school every day _____ ride a bicycle.
A. rather than B. more than C. other than D. less than 将下列句子合为定语从句
1．I have lost the story—book. I like it very much
2．The gift was from my uncle. I received the gift last week.
3.This is a book. The book is about computers.
4.I live in Shandong. My parents once worked there ten years ago.
5.Her brother is going to see me tomorrow. Her brother works in Beijing.
6.This is the hotel. I once stayed at the hotel.
7.Mary is trying to get a new job. Her husband is a doctor.
8.The doctor is in the next room. You are looking for the doctor.
9.This is the best TV set. The TV set is made in China.
10.New York is a beautiful city. I visited New York last summer 改正下面句子中的错误
1.The book that you need it is in the library. 2.Those who has finished may go home.
3.He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school. 4.This is one of the rooms that is free now. 5.The key opens the bike is missing.
6.The house where he lives in needs repairing. 7.I still remember the day when we spent together.
8.Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？ 9.It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out.
10.The river, that flows through London, is called Thames.
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