情态动词专题讲解
一.情态动词(Model Verbs)的语法特征
情态动词主要有can, may, must, could, might, shall , should, will, would, ought to, need, dare等。
1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式,即动词原形。
3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词等形式。 二. 情态动词的基本用法 1) can、could和be able to
①can和be able to都表示能力(Ability),意思上没多大区别。但can只有现在和过去时,而be able to则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时,通常不用could而用was/were able to来表示。这时was/were able to表示经过一番努力,终于能够完成某事, 在许多情况下又可以交替使用。如: Can you use chopsticks?
I can’t do it now, but I can do it later. Is there anything I can do for you.
The wounded man still was able to get to the village and was saved in the end.
As I have got enough money, I can / am able to help her. ②can和could
can和could都可以表示能力、技能、许可、建议或请求和可能性。但比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法,一般用could,回答时则用can。但在肯定句中, could 所表示的“能力”仅是泛指过去的一般能力。如: Could you help me carry the bag?
She could play the piano when she was only six. Can I help you?
在疑问句表示“可能”, 须用can 而不用may。如:
Where can he be? He may be in the office. Can they have missed the bus? Yes, they may have. 2) must 和 have to
must 和 have to 都可以表示“必须”,但有几点区别:
①must 强调“内在的职责”、“义务”,而have to 强调“外界压力”、“不得已而为之”。
②have to可用于多种时态,而must一般用于现在时,其过去时与将来时分别由had to与shall / will have to代替。
③在回答must引起的问题时,如果是否定的答复,不能用mustn’t,而要用needn’t或don’t have to,因为mustn’t是“一定不要”、“一定不能”的意思。如: You must come to the classroom before eight. It is raining hard outside, but I have to leave now.
“Must we do it now?” “No, you needn’t.” 3) shall
①shall作为情态动词用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意愿,有“命令”、“警告、威胁、强制”和“允许”等意思。如: We shall do as our teacher says.
You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.
②在疑问句中,shall用于征求对方的意见或请求指示,常用于第一、第三人称。 如: Where shall he wait for us? / Shall we go out for a walk? 4) need的用法
need既可用作情态动词,也可用作行为动词,作“必须”、“需要”讲。作为情态动词,need也只用于否定句和疑问句。如: He needn’t worry about it. Need I collect the books myself?
作为行为动词,其后接的不定式要加to。如: I want to go to the dentist, but you need not go with me..
我要去看牙科医生,但你不必跟我一起去。( need作情态动词)
He needs to buy a new pair of shoes.
他需要买一双新鞋子。(need作实义动词)
以need作情态动词提问,其答语如果是肯定的,须用must; 如果答语是否定的,则用needn’t。如:
Need we work late today? No, but we must tomorrow. Need I tell Tome at once? No, you needn’t tell her just yet. 三. 情态动词表示推测或判断的用法
1) 情态动词+动词原形: 表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。如:
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers. You must be hungry after a long walk.
She may not be at home. = It is possible that she is not at home. She can’t be at home. = It is impossible that she is at home. They should be there right now.
2) 情态动词+动词完成时, 即“情态动词+ have + done分词”:表示对过去行为或
动作进行推测、评论或判断。
must have done 表示对过去某事的肯定猜测(只用于肯定句)“一定已做 ”
can’t /couldn’t have done 表示对过去的否定推测. “不可能已做” (can/could have done 表推测通常只用于否定句和疑问句)
may /might have done 表示对过去的可能推测 “可能已做 ”( may 比 might 表示的可能性在说话人看来稍大些。)
如: Since the road is wet, it must have rained last night.
He can’t have missed the way. I drew him a map.
“The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?”
I can’t find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.
四、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法
情态动词用于虚拟语气中表示责备的感情色彩,用法如下:
1)should have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际上未做”,而shouldn’t have done则表示“本不应该做某事而实际上做了”。
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