VARIAN中级微观经济学复习大纲
VARIAN中级微观经济学复习大纲
2、Budget Constraint
? Describe budget constraint
– Algebra :
PxX?PyY?I
B(p1, ? , pn, m) ={ (x1, ? , xn) | x1 ? 0, ? , xn ??0 and p1x1 + ? + pnxn ? m }
– Graph:
? Describe changes in budget constraint ? Government programs and budget constraints ? Non-linear budget lines
上图是基本的,税收和补贴、Quantity Discount,Quantity Penalty,One Price Negative The Food Stamp Program,Uniform Ad Valorem Sales Taxes,都可以看做商品价格或收入发生变动,从而预算线斜率,截距发生变动。
3. Preferences
?
Describe preferences:strict preference; indifference; weak preference
?
三大公理:完备性,反身性,传递性
? Indifference curves ( 无差异曲线)
无差异曲线形状很多:良好性状的、完全互补、完全替代等。
? Well-behaved preferences:
Monotonicity(单调性): More of any commodity is always preferred (i.e. no satiation and every commodity is a good). Convexity (凸性): Mixtures of bundles are (at least weakly) preferred to the bundles themselves.
? Marginal rate of substitution ( 边际替代率)
MRS= dx/dxxx
21,大概讲就是为放弃一单位1,需要多少单位2补偿以保持相同效用。
4. Utility
? Utility function (效用函数)
– Definition
– Monotonic transformation (单调转换)
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效用函数能够进行单调转化本身表明我们使用的是序数效用论。单调转换的特性在解题中能起到简化的作用。 常见的效用函数有:V(x1,x2) = x1 + x2.,W(x1,x2) = min{x1,x2}.,U(x1,x2) = f(x1) + x2 ,U(x1,x2) = x1x2
拟线性偏好在科斯定理那里有重要运用。
a b
边际替代率
? Marginal rate of substitution MRS?dx2?U/?x1????f?(x1).dx1?U/?x2
这个式子推导:U(x,x) ? k,全微分:
12
?Udx??Udx?x11?x22?0
既然单调变换后表示的是同一组无差异曲线,当然MRS不变。
5. Choice
? Rational constrained choice ? Computing ordinary demands
– Interior solution ( 内在解) – Corner solution ( 角点解) – “Kinky” solution
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这章核心就是讲,在预算约束下,消费者最大化自己的效用。典型的是:
Max U(x,x)
12s.t. PX11?PY22?I
完全互补:把折点连起来,该直线方程与预算约束连立求解 完全替代:U(x,x) = x + x
1212 谁便宜就买谁。
a b, (x*,x*)?Cobb-Douglas: U ( x , x ) x ?x?121212?ambm?,?(这个结论很重要,cobb-douglas 效用函数很常
?(a?b)p1(a?b)p2?用,不可能每次都从新推导)
6. Demand
? Own-price changes
– Price offer curve (价格提供曲线)
The curve containing all the utility-maximizing bundles traced out as p1 changes, with p2 and y constant, is the p1- price offer curve。
– Ordinary demand curve
The plot of the x1-coordinate of the p1- price offer curve against p1 is the ordinary demand curve for commodity 1.
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