2019高考英语考前冲刺专项精选：阅读理解(4)（解析）

2019高考英语考前冲刺专项精选：阅读理解（4）（解析）

专题四猜词悟义

【一】题型特点与解题技巧 在英语阅读中，利用上下文或句子结构猜测词义是学生必备的阅读能力之一。培养猜测词义的能力，不仅有助于提高阅读速度，扩大词汇量，还能增强学习英语的信心。 【一】巧借生词本身

在英语文章中，一些人名、地名、节日等专有名词不影响理解，对它们可就词论词，不必猜测词义。例如.

1.Thelargestspiderintheworldisthegoliathtarantula.

2.Heldonafarm,theGlastonburyfestivalisthemostwell-knownandpopularintheU.K. 【二】巧用上下文信息

在阅读中，可根据上下文的语境暗示，运用逻辑推理来猜测生词词义。例如： 1.Heisaresoluteman.Oncehesetsupagoal,hewillnotgiveupeasily. 2.Thefemalemosquitoisavampireandlivesonblood. 【三】利用同义词或近义词

为使自己的意思表达得更清楚，作者通常用其同义词或近义词来解释难词。例如：

1.Motherwastall,fatandmiddle-aged.Theprincipaloftheschoolwasanoldwoman,almostasplumpasmother,andmuchshorter.

2.Allthemembersareofthesameopinions.Theyareunanimous. 【四】运用定义或释义

阅读中会遇到一些不熟悉的术语。为帮助读者理解，作者常用一个句子或一个段落来说明其内涵。对术语下定义的句子往往出现在段首，也是主题句。有时整个段落、甚至整篇文章都围绕这一定义展开。因而，借助作者的定义或释义推断词义是最直接的办法。例如： 1.Theenemysoldierssurrendered,thatis,threwtheirweaponsandwalkedoutwiththeirhandsabovetheirheads.

2.Thewordecologymeansthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlivingthingsandtheirsurroundings. 用来表示定义或释义的提示语有：mean,referto,bedefinedas,bedescribedas,beknownas,becalled,betermed,thatis,or,inotherwords等。 【五】巧用构词法

阅读中可运用合成、转化、派生等构词法知识来猜测词义。通过分析词缀及词根，不仅可猜测单词含义，还有利于扩大词汇量。例如：

1.Theyoverestimatetheinterviewer’sabilityandaskedhimmanydifficultquestions. 2.Takeoutallremovablepartsandwashthemwithwarmwater.

掌握一些常见词缀及含义。如：形容词后缀有-ful,-less,-y,-ing,-able等；

名词后缀有-or,-er,-tion,-ist,-th,-ment,-age,-ness等；构成反义词的前缀有un-,dis-.in-,im-,ir-,non-等。有特定意义的词缀有re-〔重新，再〕，co-〔合作的〕，anti-〔反对的〕，over-〔过高的〕，micro-〔微型的〕，fore-〔超前的〕，inter-〔国际的,相互的〕,pre-〔先前的,提前的〕,super-〔超级的〕，tele-〔远〕等。 六、巧借标点符号

有时为了让读者更清楚文中某个词或短语的含义,作者经常借助标点符号〔如括号、破折号、冒号、逗号等〕直接为生词提供定义或解释。例如：

1.InRussiaifwegiveflowersasapresent,wehavetogiveanoddnumberofthem

〔one,three,five,etc〕becauseevennumberofflowers〔two,four,six,etc〕areforfunerals.

2.Oneofthetouristshasjustbeenbluejacked—secretlysentatestmessageusingshort-rangewirelesstechnologycalledbluetooth. 七、妙用对比词

在文章中，作者有时会运用一些相互对应、互为反义的词语，使不同事物的特点更为突出。我们可以通过上下文的逻辑关系，透过两种事物或现象的对比描述，从其中一个熟悉的词反推出生词词义。例如：

1.Mostofusagreed,however,Billdissented.

2.Hervoicewasusuallysoftandsweet,butnowitishoarse. 表示对比、转折的标志词通常有yet,but,however,otherwise,despite,eventhough,unlike,instead,ratherthan,ontheotherhand,onthecontrary等。 八、找准信息词

通常情况下，某些单词或短语所引出的内容可起到解释说明的作用,能帮助我们理解生词的含义。这样的信号词有：forexample,forinstance,suchas,namely,and,like〔像〕,especially,include,consistof等。

1.ManyUnitedNationsemployeesarepolyglots,Mrs.White,forexample,speaksfivelanguages.

2.But,ontheotherhand,wehavesuchcompoundwordsashandshakeandhandbag. 九、巧借经验和常识

在阅读理解中结合自己的经验和社会常识，往往也能有效地推断出生词的含义。如： 1.Whenyouhavetanksofaironyourback,youcanstayindeepwaterforalongtime.

2.Intheolddays,whengirlsfromrichfamiliesweremarriedtotheirhusbands,theyexpectedtobringwiththemalargequantityofdowry. 根据生活经验猜测词义时，要注意观察同一生词是否在文章中其他地方出现，把两处的语境进行比较，更容易准确地猜出词义。 十、巧用因果关系

不同的原因导致不同的结果；反之，由结果也能够分析出原因。我们可以巧用因果关系来推测词义。例如：

1.SinceIcouldnotaffordtobuytheoriginalpainting,Iboughtareplica.Aninexperiencedeyecouldnottellthedifference.

2.Hewassoinfuriatedthathetorethelettersintopieces.

表示因果关系的标志词有because,so,thus,dueto,resultin/from，asaresult〔of〕等。 十【一】活用语法知识

有些语法知识如定语从句和同位语等进一步说明的作用,可以帮助推断词义。例如：

1.Hewasaprestidigitatorwhoamusedthechildrenbypullingrabbitsoutofhats,swallowingfire,andothersimilartricks.

2.Doyouhaveanyproofthatheisathief? 十【二】注意指示代词和人称代词等

Therearepressingcallsontheresourcesofthegovernment.Usingtaxpayer’smoneytohelpasmallnumberofpeopletoearnhighincomesinthefutureisnotoneofthem.(2017北京)

一般说来it,they,this等指代的都是上文提到的人或事，但一定按句意判断是上文哪个词。 总之，我们要坚持“词不离句，句不离文”的原那么，在上下文的紧密联系中猜测词义。此外，还要训练带着问题，按意群、句子去阅读，不要把注意力集中在某个单词或短语上，这样既能加快阅读速度，又能把注意力集中在内容的理解上,从而养成良好的阅读习惯。 【二】实战训练 【经典导引】

1.Tobaccotaxesimprovepublichealth,theyraisemoneyandmostparticular,theydeterpeoplefromtakingupthehabitasteens,whichiswhennearlyallsmokersareaddicted. A.discourageB.removeC.benefitD.free(2017山东)

2.Someofuslookedwithoneeyeandheldupcertaincolorsagainsttheblackboard,rockingthesheetstotherightorleftwhileweconjuredupourdesigns.Otherstwistedtheirhairaroundtheirfingersorchewedtheireraserswhiledeepinthought.(2017广东)

A.formedanideaforB.madeanoutlineforC.madesomespaceforD.chosesomecolorsfor 3.FlytothegreatcityofShanghaiandintheeveningsampletraditionalShanghaifood. A.buyB.reserveC.tasteD.make(2017福建)

4.Eventhoughsciencecantellusthatsomeofourtraditionalbeliefsdon’tholdwater,thereisstillalotoftruthintheoldwives’tales.(2017陕西) A.tobebelievableB.tobevaluableC.tobeadmirableD.tobesuitable 5.Somefamilynamesweremadebyaddingsomethingtothefather’sname.English-speakingpeopleadded–sor–son.TheJohnsonsaredescendantsofJohn;theRobertsFamily’sancestorwasRobert. A.latergenerationsB.friendsandrelatives

C.colleaguesandpartnersD.latersponsors(2017江苏)

6.Fivemillionmorefamiliesinsub-SaharanAfricawillgetaTVoverthenextfiveyears.In2005,afterthefalloftheTaliban(塔利班),whichhadoutlawedTV,1in5Afghanshadone. A.allowedB.bannedC.offeredD.refused(2017福建)

7.TheCoalitionfortheHomelessisanorganizationthatseekstoaddresstheneedsofthehomelesspopulationintheUnitedStates.Itisanetworkofoffices,someofwhichprovidefoodandhousesforthehomelesspopulation,andsomeofwhichfightforthepassingoflawsthatwouldgiveeveryAmericantherighttoaplacetocallhome.(2017辽宁) A.talkaboutB.dealwithC.fightforD.writeto

8.ThescientistsuseddetailedgeneticanalysistoprovethattheAfricansavannaelephantandtheAfricanforestelephanthavebeendistinctspeciesforseveralmillionyears.ThedivergenceofthetwospeciestookplacearoundthetimeofthedivergenceofAsianelephantsandwoollymammoths.Thisresultamazedallthescientists.(2017湖南) A.evolutionB.exhibitionC.separationD.examination 【强化训练】 A It’s5:00inthemorningwhenthealarm(闹钟)ringsinmyears.Irolloutofbedandwalkblindlythroughthedarkintothebathroom.Iturnonthelightandputonmyglasses.ThehouseisstillasIwalkdownstairswhilemyhusbandandthreekidssleeppeacefully.UsuallyIgoforalongrun,buttodayIchoosemyfavoriteexerciseDVD,Insanity.Sweatpoursdownmyfaceandintomyeyes.MyheartracesasIfacemybodytofinisheachmovement.AsIneartheendoftheexercise,Ifeelextremelytired,butasmileisofmyface

.It’sasmilebecausetheDVDisover,butasmileofsuccessfrompushingmybodytoitsextremelimit.

Somepeopleenjoyshopping,smoking,food,work,orevenchocolate.ButIneedexercisetogetthrougheachday.Someshakeheadswhentheyseemerunthroughthetown.OthersgethurtwhenIrefusetotryjustonebiteoftheirgrandmother’schocolatecake.Theyraisetheireyebrows,surprisedbymy“nothankyou,”orbymychoicetohaveasalad.Overtheyears,Ihavelearnedit’sokaytojustsay“no.”Ishouldn’tfeelsorryforrefusingfoodthatIdon’twanttoeat.

Sowhatdrivesmetorolloutofbedat5:00a.m.?Whatgivesmethereasontojustsaytoicecream?Commitment.Acommitmenttochangemylifewithawaythatreducesdailyanxiety,increasesself–confidenceandenergy,extendslifeandaboveallimprovesmybodyshape.ThisisthepointwhereasmileappearsonmyfaceasIlookatmyselfinthemirrorortryonmyfavoritepairofjeansthatnowfitjustright.It’sthroughcommitmentandsweatthatIcanmakeadifferencewithinmyselfinsideandout. 1.Whyisthereasmileontheauthor’sfaceinthemorning? A.Becausesheseesherfamilysleepingpeacefully. B.Becauseshefinishesherfavoriteexercise C.BecausesheenjoystheinterestingDVD D.Becauseshefeelsasenseofachievement

2.WhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtoParagraph?

A.Shedoesn’tlikeothersrpolitelyB.Shelikestomakeotherssurprised

C.Othersdon’tunderstandwhatshedoseD.Otherstrytohelpherbyofferingherfood 3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“commitment”inthelastparagraphmean? A.GoodhealthB.FirmbeliefC.AstrongpowerD.Aregularhabit 4.Whatcanwelearnabouttheauthorfromthetext?

A.SheactsinastrangewayB.Shewantstolookdifferentfromothers

C.SheaimstodevelopagoodbodyshapeD.Shehasdifficultgettingalongwithothers B

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