并不用心去听她说的是什么。
Ⅱ. listen “听”强调倾听的动作,当然未必能听到什么。是不及物动词,接宾语时常与介词to连用。如:
① Listen! What do you hear what she is saying? 听!你听见她在说些什么?
② We listened attentively for a long time but heard nothing. 我们仔细地听了半天,但什么也
没听到。
§99 if/ whether
Ⅰ.都有“是否”之意。在某种情况下右互换。如:
⑤ I don?t know if / whether he?ll come tomorrow. 我不知道明天他是否来。 Ⅱ. 但在下列6种情况下if 不能替换whether: 1. 正式文体中,句中有or not时。如:
I wonder whether it is big enough or not. 我不知道它是否够大。 2.引导主语、表语、同位语从句时。如:
Whether it is true(or not) is still a question. 它是不是真的还是一个问题。 3. 作介词宾语时,如:
I haven?t decided the quwstion of whether I?ll go back home. 我还未决定是否要回家去。 4. 放在不定式前,与不定式组成词组。如:
Li Lei hasn?t decided whether to go or not. 李雷还未决定去还是不去。 5. 作discuss等词的宾语时,如:
They discuss whether they should close the shop. 他们讲座是否该关闭那家商店。 6. 引导的从句放在句首时。如:
Whether this is true or not, I cannot say.这件事是否真实我说不上。
Ⅲ. if 还有连词的功能,意为“如果”引导条件状语从句;而whether另有“不管,无论”之意,引导让步状语从句。如:
① I will be happy if you call me. 如果你打电话给我,我将很高兴。
② Whether you like it or not, you?ll have to do it. 不管你喜欢不喜欢,你必须做这件事。
§100 ill/ sick
Ⅰ. ill “病”,常用作表语,一般不作名词的前置定语用;而sick可直接作前置定语用。如: ① She is looking after her sick mother. (不能用ill) 她在照顾她生病的母亲。 ② He was ill yesterday. 昨天他病了。 Ⅱ. ill 可放在被修饰的名词后面。如:
① He is a man ill with TB. 他是一个患肺结核的人。
Ⅲ. ill 的比较级和最高级分别是worse和worst. 表病重时,一般不说heavily ill/ sick. 而应说:seriously sick/ ill. 如:
① He caught a cold and soon got worse. 他得了伤风,不久就更厉害了。 ② His uncle is seriously ill. 他的叔叔病得很重。 §101 in the future/in future
这两个词组都有“在将来”的意思,但含义上有区别。
Ⅰ.in furture多指从现在开始近期的将来,在时间上包括现在。如: ① You must be more careful in furture. 你今后必须更加小心。
② He promised to give me more help in furture. 他答应今后给我更多的帮助。
Ⅱ.in the furture多指较遥远的将来的某一时间,在时间概念上一般不包括现在。如: ① Who can tell what will happen in the furture? 谁能说准将来会发生什么?
② In the furture travel agencies may be organizing trips to the moon. 将来,旅行社可能会组
织去月球的旅行。
[注] in the furture 的 furture 前加形容词时,不要去掉 the 。如in the near/far /distant furture。
§102 job/ work
两者均表示“工作”,后者(work)含义更广,为不可数名词。也可作不及物动词;前者(job)强调工作的性质或工种,为可数名词。如:
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① I like the job/work. 我喜欢这份工作。 ② The work is easy to do. 这份活很易做。
③ §103 join / join in / take part in
Ⅰ. join 可用来表示加入某个政党、团体、组织等, 指成为其中的成员。如: ① My uncle joined the Party in 1989.
② We are going for a swim .Will you come and join us. 我们要去游泳,你和我们一起去好
吗?
Ⅱ. join in 表“加入、参与”某种活动,后接名词或动词的ing 形式,表“参加某人的活动”可以说:join sb. in (doing) sth. 如:
① He joined them in the work.他同他们一起工作。
② Will you join us in playing basketball? 你跟我们一起打篮球好吗?
Ⅲ. take part in 指“参加”会议、考试、竞赛或群众性活动,重在说明句子主语参加该项活动并在其中发挥作用。如:
① The teacher took part in our discussion yesterday. 昨天老师参加了我们的讨论。 ② When will you take part in the meeting? 你将在什么时候参加会议? [注意]:join in 后面可以不跟宾语。而take part in 后面必须跟宾语。如: Let me join in. 让我参加吧。
§104 learn/ study
Ⅰ. 这两个动词都作“学习”讲,有时可以互换使用。
① He is learning / studying English now. 现在他在学习英语。
Ⅱ. learn 往往通过学习、练习或由别人教授以获得某种知识或技能,侧重学习的成果,有“学会、学到”的意思。study 通常指比较深入地学习,含有努力去学的意味,它侧重学习的过程,有“研究、钻研”的意思。如:
① He studied hard and finally learned the language. 他努力学习,终于学会了这种语言。 ② He studies in a school near here. 他在附近的一所学校读书。 ③ But I am learning to skate. 但我在学习滑冰。
§105 look/ look for/ find/ find out / look up
Ⅰ. look “看”指看的意识,强调看的行为动作。是不及物动词。不能直接接宾语。如: ① Look, they are playing on the playground.
Ⅱ. look for “寻找”指有目的地找。强调“寻找”这一动作。 ① What are you looking for? 你在找什么?
Ⅲ. find “找到、发现”指经过一番努力后“找到”丢失的人或东西。强调“找”的结果。如:
① I can?t find my pen. 我找不到我的钢笔了。
② The poor granny is looking for her little son. I hope she can find him. 这个可怜的
老奶奶在找她的小儿子,我希望她能找到他。
Ⅳ. find out “找出、查明”用着及物动词短语,常表达找出答案,弄明真相,查明情况等意思。如:
① Please find out when the train leaves. 请查一下火车什么时候离站。 Ⅴ. look up “向上看;查字典”如:
① She looked up and she saw many birds in the sky.
② You must look up the new words when you don?t know how to pronounce it.
§106 may be/ maybe
Ⅰ. may be “也许是”“可能是”may 是情态动词,与be一起作谓语。而maybe是副词,意为“也许”“可能”用作状语。如:
① Maybe you put it there.也许你把它放在那里了。
② But I?m afraid I may be a little late. 但我担心我可能晚了一点。 ③ Maybe he?s wrong. = He may be wrong. 或许他错了。
④ Maybe the twin brothers are boating now. = The twin brothers may be boating now.现在那对
双胞胎兄弟可能在划船。
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⑤ Maybe /perhaps they?ll go on a picnic next week. = They may go on a picnic next week. 他们
下周可能要去野餐。
§107 much too/ too much
Ⅰ. much too 太、非常, 用作副词词组,修饰形容词或其它副词。如:
① It?s much too cold today. 今天天气太冷。
② The old man walked much too slowly. 这位老人走得太慢了。 Ⅱ. too much “太多”有三种用法: 1. 用作名词词组。如:
③ You gave me too much. 你给我的太多了。 2. 用作形容词词组。修饰不可数名词。如:
④ I don?t like winter because there?s too much snow and ice.我不喜欢冬天,因为雪和冰
太多了。
3. 用作副词词组,修饰动词,如:
⑤ Don?t speak too much. 别讲得太多。 [注]:much too 与too much都可用作副词词组,但too much 不可以修饰形容词,much too 不可以修饰动词。
§108 must/ have to
Ⅰ. must “必须”,往往着重于主观上认为有义务,有必要。
① We must work hard. 我们必须努力工作。 ② Imust go. 我必须走。
Ⅱ. have to “必须”往往着重于客观的需要,含有“不得不”的意味。如: ① Do you have to see a doctor today? 你今天要去看医生吗
② It was late and we have to stay at home. 时间已晚,我们只得呆在家里。
§109 neither/ either
Ⅰ. neither “(两者)都不”,pron 如:
① Neither of the books is mine. 这两本书都不是我的。
[注]作连词用时,neither 与nor连用,表示“既不??也不”如:
② The ground must be just right ——neither too wet nor too dry.地面务必适合——既不太
湿,也不太干。 Ⅱ. either “(两者中的)任何一个”pron. 如:
① There are two bikes in the room. You can ride eitheri of the two. 房里有两部自行车,你可以
任骑一部。
[注]作连词用时,与or连用,表示“或者??或者??”、“不是??就是??”。如: ② They were either too big or too small. 它们不是太大,就是太小。
▲ 作副词用时,二者都有“也不”之意,但所使用的句型及在句中的位置不同。如: ① He doesn?t like swimming, I don?t like swimming, either. ② He doesn?t like swimming. Neither do I . (用于倒装结构中)
§110 neither/ none
Ⅰ. neither “两者都不”与both相对,其后的谓语动词用单三式。如: ① Neither of my parents is at home. 我父母亲(任何一个)都不在家。 Ⅱ. none “三者或三者以上都有不”,与all相对。如:
① None of the students are in the classroom. They have all gone to the playground. 所有的学生
都不(一个也不)在教室里,他们都到操场上去了。
§111 point to/ point at
point to 与point at 都有用手指着某人或某物的意思。但后者还可表“对准;瞄准”之意。如:
① She pointed to a boy and said that he was her brother.
② He pointed his gun at the enemy and shouted “Hands up”他把口对准敌人,大声喊:“举起
手来”。
§112 real/ true
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Ⅰ.real 指客观上存在,并非想象和虚构的,它是与“无”相对而言的。如: ① This is a story of real life. 这是一个从真实生活中取材的故事。 ② This is a real diamond.这是一颗真正的钻石。
Ⅱ. true 指符合某一标准或实际情况的,强调真实性。如: ① True love should last for ever. 真爱永不渝。
② Is it true that you?re going abroad for your holidays? 你要到国外去度假是真的吗? [注]:come true “(梦想)实现”不用real.
genuine [`dЗenju:in]指没有掺假的,货真价实的,强调纯真度。如: Is the bracelet[`breislit] genuine gold? 这手镯是真金的吗?
§113 see sb doing sth/ do sth
Ⅰ.see sb doing sth. “看见某人正在做某事”,用动词的-ing形式作宾语补足语,表动作正在进行。
Ⅱ.see sb do sth. “见到某人做了某事”,表动作发生了,即动作的全部过程已经结束了。类似的动词还有:hear, feel, watch,等感官动词,及have, let, make等使役动词。如: ① She saw a boy go into your classroom. 她看见一个男孩进了人的教室。 ② I saw him walking in the street.我看见他正在街上散步。
③ The teacher heard Jim reading English when she came in. 老师进来时,听见Jim在读英语。
§114 so/ such
Ⅰ. 两者都可以表“这样、如此”之意。So 是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词。如: ① I am so glad to hear from my friend.收到朋友的信我真高兴。 ② He writes so well. 他写得这么好。
Ⅱ. Such 是形容词, 用来修饰单数可数名词,其后需加不定冠词 a 或an. 如: ① He told us such a funny story. 他给我讲了一个很有趣的故事。 ② You are interested in such things. 你对这样的事感兴趣。
[注意]:当单数可数名词前面有形容词修饰时,也可以有 so, 但要调整冠词的位置。 ① He told us so funny a story. 他给我讲了一个如此有趣的故事。
如果被修饰的名词前有表 “多”或“少”这两个意义的 many, much, small 和 little 时,用 so 而不用 such. 如:
① Don?t bame him. He is just such a little boy. 别责备他,他只是这么小的一个孩子。
② We have a long way to go yet, but there?s so little water left. 我们还有很长的路要走,但所
剩的水已很少了。
§115 sound/ voice/ noise
Ⅰ. sound “声音”,为最常用词,指可以听到的任何声音,强的,弱的,令人愉快的或不愉快的,有意义的或无意义的。如:
① I was reading last night, when suddenly I heard a sound in the next room. 昨晚我正看书时,
突然听到隔壁房间有声音。
② Not a sound was heard. 听不到一点声音。 Ⅱ. noise 常指太响或人们不愿听到的声音,“嘈杂声、喧闹声”。
① I am always disturbed by the noise of the traffic. 我老受到车辆噪声的打扰。 ② The boys made too much noise. 孩子们太吵闹了。 Ⅲ. voice 指“说话声”“唱歌声”“嗓音”如:
① That sounds like Mary?s voice. 那声音听起来好象玛丽的声音。 ② She has lost her voice.她嗓子哑了。
§116 stop/ station
Ⅰ.stop 表“站”,一般指路途的公共汽车停靠点。 Ⅱ.station 着重指车、船等的始发和终点站,范围较前者在。如:The bus stop is in front of the station.
§117 surprise/ surprising/ surprised
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Ⅰ.surprise作名词,意为“惊奇,诧异”。如:
① To my surprise,they lost! 使我惊奇的是他们输了!
② He said to me in surprise, “Can?t you skate?” 他惊奇地对我说:“你不会滑冰”? Ⅱ.surprise作及物动词,意为“使人惊奇,使感到意外”。如:①You surprise me. 你真使我惊奇。
Ⅲ.surprising是现在分词作形容词用,意为“使惊奇的,出人意料的”,常指物。如: The surprising success makes us very happy. 这出人意料的成功使我们非常高兴。
。。。。。。
Ⅳ.surpised是过去分词作形容词用,指人“对感到惊奇”。如: We?re surprised at your words. 对你的话我们感到诧异。 [联想] 现在分词作形容词表“进行”,“主动”的含意;而过去分词常表“完成”,“被动”的含意。类似的词还有exciting/excited;interesting/intereisted,relaxed/relaxing,如: ① I was surprised at the news. 我对这消息感到吃惊。
The news is surprising. 这消息令人感到惊奇。
② We are all interested in her idea. 我们对她的想法感兴趣。
She has an interesting idea. 她有一个有趣的想法。
§118 thanks for/ thanks to
Ⅰ. thanks for = thank you for “为??谢”强调谢的原因。如: ① Thanks for lending me your umbrella.谢谢你借给我雨伞。 ② Thank you for your dictionary. 谢谢你的字典。 Ⅱ. thanks to “多亏了??”;“由于??的帮助”相当于because of ?或 with the help of ? , 在此短语中,to是一个介词,后接名词或代词。如:
① Thanks to the doctor, I am well again. 多亏这位医生,我身体又康复了。
② Thanks to our teachers, we all passed the exam. 多亏了老师的帮助,我们都及格了。 ③ Thanks to your help, I finish the work on time. 多亏了你的帮助,我才能按时完成工作。
§119 till/ until
till 和until 都可作介词或连词,其用法有两种:
Ⅰ. 在肯定句中,意为“到……为止”谓语动词一般要求是延续的。如: ① I shall stay here till / until next day.我将留在这儿一直到下星期天。 Ⅱ. 在否定句中,意为“直到……才……”,表这个动词的动作直到till / until所表示的时间才发生。如:
① They are not going back to work until / till they get more money. 他们要等到增加了工资才
复工。
§120 to do sth/ doing sth
动词不定式(to do sth)与动词的ing 形式,都是非谓语动词。一般地, 不定式表示:具体的,某一次特定的或将来的行为。而动词的-ing 形式则表示:抽象的,一般地,具有普遍性的,或正在进行的行为。在句中都能作:主语,宾语,定语,状语,宾补等。如: ① I like swimming, but I dn?t like to go today. 我喜欢游泳,但今天我不想去。 [注]:下列动词接to do sth.和doing sth 的不同意义:
try to do sth. 尽力/设法某事1.? ? sth. 试着做某事。?try doingforget / remember to do sth. 忘 / 记得去做某事。(动作还未发生)2.? ? sth. 忘/ 记得做过某事。(动作已发生)?forget / remember doingcan't help doing sth. 不禁, 忍不住。 3.? ? 不能帮助做某事。?can't help to do sth.stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事(4.??去做另外一件事) sth. 停止做某事。(停止该动作)?stop doing sth. 继续做同一件事。?go on doing
go on to do sth. 继续做另一件事5.? ? 30
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