比较的连续性:5 (b)
分支方法中最后的独特要素是比较，与政策选择一起是按年代系列进行的。政策的制定不是一劳永逸的，政策要无比境地制定与再制定。制订政策是一个连续地接近某些所希望的目标的过程，在此过程中它本身所要求的东西经过考虑不断改变，、、它充其量是个非常粗的过程。社会科学家、政治家、公共行政官员都不能充分认识社会世界来避免在预言政策活动结果方而所屡犯的错误。因此，明智的政策制订者只期望他的政策将达到他所希望的一部分，同时它会产生他想要避免的非预期结果。如果他通过连续的增值变化进行下去，那么他将会以若干种方式避免严重的持久的错误。 15 .Public Administration in a Time of Revolution Dwight Waldo P243词汇会出
Item: A revolution in science and technology.According to data with which you may be familiar--indeed, fatigued-there is an exponential increase in the scientific-technological enterprise. Ninety per cent of the scientists who ever lived are now living; and the time lag between basic scientific discovery and technological and industrial application is constantly narrowing. Changes in the condition of man at least equal to those caused by the Industrial Revolution are implied, and indeed if those who study such matters are correct, the implications are really much greater. There are seers and prophets, so to speak, who think that science and technology are now in the saddle and riding us hard; that they are now uncontrolled, if not indeed uncontrollable.
Item: A revolutionary increase in the means of violence and a counte-rrevolutionary-or whatever it may be called-revolution against the use of
violence.The past two or three generations, and especially the past generation,have seen quantum jumps in the increase of man’s ability to mrlict violence and death on other human beings.No need to spell this out. The result is something of a counter-revolution against the use of force and violence which takes many forms.It may be \complete pacifism. It may be \hell with the government.”In some moods and expressions, the reaction against violence may be also reaction against patriotism, civil loyalty, and national
identity .Indeed, that they often and perhaps increasingly are is both a revolutionary symptom and potential.
项目:一场科技革命。根据你熟悉的数据显示——的确,在科技企业中有一个疲乏指数增加。百分之九十的科学家曾经住现在住;以及在基本的科学发现和技术与产业（工业）应用三者之间的时间滞后差不断缩小。改变人的条件至少等于这些工业革命造成的暗示,事实上如果那些人研究这类问题是正确的,影响就更大。有预言家,先知,可以说,认为科学技术是现在在掌控我们让我们很辛苦;他们现在不受控制,如果没有确实无法控制。
项目:一个革命性的增加意味着暴力和counte-rrevolutionary-or反革命不管它可能called-revolution反对使用暴力。过去两三代,尤其是过去的一代,已经看到量子跳跃的增加人的能力mrlict暴力和死亡在其他人类。不需要拼写出来。结果是一个反革命反对使用武力和暴力以多种形式。这可能是“禁止炸弹。“可能是完全和平主义。它可能是“我要选择我自己的
与政府逐渐地狱。“在一些心情和表情,反对暴力也可能反对爱国主义,公民的忠诚,和国家的身份民族认同。事实上,他们经常和越来越多的可能是一个革命性的症状和潜力。
17. Toward a New Public Administration H .George Frederickson词汇翻译大题
P266 所有的斜体
P266
not neutral.They should be committed to both good management and social equity as values，things to be achieved，or rationales. 新公共行政学试图以这样一种方式来做出回答：行政管理者不是中性的。应责成他们承担起责任，把出色的管理和社会公平作为社会准则、需要完成的事情或者基本原理。
A fundamental commitment to social equity means that new Public Administration is anxiously engaged in change. Simply put，new Public
P267
New Public Administration attempts to answer it in this way:Administrators are Administration seeks to change those policies and structures that systematically inhibit social equity . 从根本上支持社会公平意味着新公共行政学急于进行改革。简言之，新公共行政学试图改变那些在制度上妨碍社会公平的政策和结构。
P268
All enhance change, and change is basic to new Public Administration。它们都
能增强变革，而变革是新公共行政学的基础。
New Public Administration seeks not only to carry out legislative mandates as efficiently and economically as possible，but to both influence and execute policies which more generally improve the quality of life for all. P268 新公共行政学不仅试图尽可能有效地和经济地执行立法命令，而且试图影响和贯彻更普遍地改进所有人生活质量的各种政策。 P269 New Public Administration is concerned less with the Defense Department than with defense，less with civil-service commissions than with the manpower needs of administrative agencies on the one hand and the employment needs of the society on the other, less with building institutions and more with designing alternate means of solving public problems.These alternatives will no doubt have some recognizable organizational characteristics arid they will need to be built and maintained，but will seek to avoid becoming entrenched，nonresponsible bureaucracies that become greater public problems than the social situations they were originally designed to improve.翻译过 新公共行政学关心国防部，但更关心国防；关心文官委员会，但一方面更关心行政机构的人力需要，另一方面更关心社会的就业需 要；关心建立各种机构，但是更关心设计解决公共问题的预备手段。这些备择机构无疑具有某些可辨认的组织特性，它们需要建立和维持，但是，它们应避免变成顽 固的、不负责任的官僚组织。这种情况会变成比最初设计这些构想加以改进的社会环境更大的公共问题。
p270 In sum，then，the second-generation behavioralist is less“generic\\，less“descriptive”and more \，”less“institution oriented\“client-impact oriented，”less“neutral”and more“normative，”and，it is hoped，no less scientific. 简而言之，第二代行为主义者与其先驱相比，不太偏重于“一般的”，而较偏重于“公共的”；不太偏重于“描述的”，而较偏重于“顾客影响定向的”；不太偏重于“中立的”，而较偏重于“规范的”。并且按照人们的期望，它并非是不太科学的。 P267
A commitment to social equity not only involves the pursuit of change but attempts to find organizational and political forms which exhibit a capacity for
continued flexibility or routinized change.Traditional bureaucracy has a demonstrated capacity for stability, indeed, ultrastability. 4 New Public Administration, in its search for changeable structures, tends therefore to experiment with or advocate modified bureaucratic-organizational forms.Decentralization，devolution, projects, contracts, sensitivity training, organization development, responsibility expansion, confrontation, and client involvement are all essentially counterbureaucratic notions that
characterize new Public Administration. 5 These concepts are designed to enhance both bureaucratic and policy change and thus to increase possibilities for social equity .Indeed, an important faculty member in one of the best-known and largest Master in Public Administration programs in the country described that degree program as \development.”
对 社会公平的支持不仅包括对变革的追求，而且试图发现某些表明有能力具有不断的灵活性或使变革成为常规的组织形式和政治形式。传统的官僚制已经表现出稳定性 的能力，而且确实是一种超稳定性的能力。因此，新公共行政学在寻求可变革的结构的过程中，往往要试验或提倡可改变的官僚—组织形式。分权、权力下放、规 划、合同、敏感性训练、组织开发、责任扩大、对抗和顾客介入基本上都是可以表示新公共行政学特性概念。这些概念旨在加强官僚制的变化和政策变化，因此也旨 在增加社会公平的可能性。确实，全国最著名和最重要的公共行政学硕士培养计划的一名重要的教授成员曾经把这种学位计划说成是：“计划培养组织开发方面的变 革代理人或专家。”
P264最后一段
Others have argued that changes in Public Administration resemble a zero- sum game between awmrustrative etticiencv and political responsiveness.Any increase in etticiency results a priori in a decrease in responsiveness .We are simply entering a period during which political responsiveness is to be purchased at a cost in administrative efficiency.
有些人认为，公共行政的变化类似与在行政效率和政治反应之间进行一种零和博奕。行政效率方面的任何增加最重要的结果是导致政治反应的降低。我们正在进入这样一个时期，政治反应将是以行政效率为代价换取来的。
20 .Public and Private Management:Are They Fundamentally Alike in all Unimportant Respects?“ Graham T. Allison公共事业和私营企业管理: 它们在所有不重要的方面是否基本上是相同的①格雷厄姆·T·奥尔森 P334 两段
I shall resist here my natural academic instinct to join the intramural debate among proponents of various lists and distinctions. Instead, I simply offer one composite list(see Table 1) that attempts to incorporate the major functions that have been identified for general managers, whether public or private.
These common functions of management are not isolated and discrete, but rather integral components separated here for purposes of analysis. The character and relative significance of the various functions differ from one time to another in the history of any organization,and between one organization and another. But whether in a public or private setting，the challenge for the general manager is to integrate all these elements so as to achieve results.
（（ 经过各种不同的增补、修改和精炼，关于普遍性管理职能的类似的表格，能够从巴纳体到德鲁克的文献中找到。））在此，我准备克制我的天生的学究式的本能，不参与学术性的争论去支持或不支持各种表格。取代这种做法，我仅仅提供一个合成的表格(见表1)，试图对己经认识到普遍性管理工作的主要职能加以综合，不论是公共事业管理或者是私营企业的管理。
这些管理的共同职能并不是孤立的和互相隔离的，而是整体的组成部分。在这里，是为了分析的目的而加以区分的。不同职能的特征和相对的显著性在一个机构的历史上，此时和彼时是不同的;在不同的机构之间也是有区别的。但无论在公共的或私
人的背景,总经理面临的挑战是整合所有这些元素来实现结果。
P351第二段
Costle faced a civil service system designed to prevent spoils as much as to promote productivity.The Civil Service Commission exercised much of the
responsibility for the personnel function in his agency. Civil service rules severely
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