5.symbolize v. represent a quality or a feeling象征，代表
e.g. 1) The poet symbolized his lover with a flower.那诗人用花象征他的爱人。
2）The fall of the Berlin Wall symbolized the end of the Cold War.柏林墙的倒塌象征着冷战的结束。
6. endorse v. write one’s name on the back of (a cheque)在支票背面签字；背书；publicly support or approve of sth.赞同，支持；appear in advrtisements for a product代言
endorsement背书，赞同，代言 celebrity endorsement 明星代言 e.g. 1) I’m afraid I cannot endorse your opinion wholeheartedly. 很抱歉，我不能完全赞同你的观点。
2）A well-known actress endorsed a shampoo in a TV commercial.一位知名女演员在一则电视广告中为一种洗发水代言。
7. alert v.a. n.警报
e.g. 1) The doctor alerted me to the danger of a heart attack.提醒我注意心脏病发作的危险。
2）Although my grandmother is over eighty, her mind still remarkably alert.头脑任然十分机敏。 3）The hunter was always on the alert for some new dangers.猎人总是保持警觉以防新的危险。
8. percolate v. ( of a liquid, gas,etc.) to move gradually through a surface that has very small holes or spaces in it.(液体、气体等)渗入、渗透、渗漏；to gradually become known or spread through a group or society逐渐流传，传开；percolator 渗滤式咖啡壶
e.g. 1) Water had percolated down through the rocks. 水从岩缝间渗漏下去。
2）It had percolated through to us that something interesting was about to happen.我们听到传言说，将要发生一件有趣的事情。
9.detriment n. the act of causing the damage; something that causes harm or damage 损害，伤害 detrimental a. 有害的，不利的； to the detriment of sb./sth.对某人/某物有害 to sb./sth.’s detriment 对某人/某物有害
without detriment to sb./sth. 对某人/某事无害
e.g. 1）He works long hours and sits up very late, to the detriment of his health.他长时间工作，还经常熬夜，损害健康。
2）This tax cannot be introduced without detriment to the national economy. 这一税收制度一旦实行，必定会危害国民经济。
10. refute v. to prove sth. is wrong 驳斥，批驳
e.g. 1）to refute an argument/a theory, etc. 驳斥一个论点、理论等
2）She refutes any suggestion that she behaved unprofessionally.谁要是表示她
不在行，她都予以反驳。
3）a refutation of previously held views 对过去坚持的观点的否定
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