Glossary

GLOSSARY 名词解释

Abnormal situation: A disturbance or series of disturbances in a process that cause plant operations to deviate from their normal state. In the context of hazard evaluation procedures, synonymous with deviation.

异常工况（Abnormal situation）：装置运行中可能导致工艺偏离其正常工况的一个或一系列扰动。在危害评估程序中，与偏离含义一致。

Administrative control: A procedural requirement for directing and/or checking engineered systems or human performance associated with plant operations. 管理控制：指导和/或检查与装置操作相关的工程系统或操作人员绩效的程序要求。 Audit ability: The ability to inspect information, documents, and procedures that demonstrate the adequacy of and adherence to the design, inspection, maintenance, testing, and operation practices used to achieve the other core attributes.

可审核性：可通过检查相关信息、文件以及程序来确认其设计、检验、维护、测试以及操作实践可以实现其核心功能的充分性及一致性。

Auto ignition temperature: The lowest temperature at which a fuel/oxidant mixture will spontaneously ignite under specified test conditions, with no other sources of ignition present.

自燃点：一种可燃物/氧化剂的混合物，在不存在其他点火源的情况下，在某一指定测试条件下自发燃烧的最低温度。

Basic process control system (BPCS): A system that responds to input signals from the process and its associated equipment, other programmable systems, and/or from an operator, and generates output signals causing the process and its associated equipment to operate in the desired manner and within normal production limits.

基本工艺控制系统（BPCS）：根据来自工艺信息及其相关设备、其他编程系统的输入信号，和/或来自操作人员提供的输入信号进行响应（逻辑解算），产生相应的输出信号，并在正常生产阀限内对工艺及其相关设备进行操作调整，使其满足设计要求的控制系统。

Cause: In the context of hazard evaluation procedures, an initiating cause. 原因：在危害评估程序中，与初始事件含义一致。

Common cause failure: The occurrence of two or more failures that result from a single event or circumstance.

共因失效：由单一事件或特定工况导致两个或两个以上的失效场景同时发生。 Conditional modifier: One of several possible probabilities included in scenario risk calculations, generally when risk criteria endpoints are expressed in impact terms (e.g., fatalities) instead of in primary loss event terms (e.g., release, vessel rupture). Conditional modifiers include, but are not limited to: probability of a hazardous atmosphere, probability of ignition, probability of explosion, probability of personnel presence, probability of injury or fatality, and probability of equipment damage or other financial impact.

修正因子：一种或几种在场景风险计算时使用的可能性概率，通常在风险可接受标准表现为影响后果时（例如：人身伤亡）而不是主要损失事件后果（例如：泄漏、管道破裂）时使用。修正因子包括但不仅限于：危险环境概率，点火概率，爆炸概率，人员暴露概率，伤亡概率，以及设备损坏或其他经济损失概率。

Consequence: Result of a specific event. In the context of qualitative hazard evaluation procedures, the consequences are the effects following from the initiating cause, with the consequence description taken through to the loss event and sometimes to the loss event impacts. In the context of quantitative risk analyses, the consequence refers to the physical effects of the loss event usually involving a fire, explosion, or release of toxic or corrosive material.

后果：某一特定事件的结果。在定性危害评估程序中，后果是指由初始事件导致的影响，包括损失事件，有些时候甚至包括损失事件造成的影响。在定量风险分析中，后果指的是损失事件造成的物理性影响，通常包括火灾、爆炸，或者是有毒/腐蚀性物料泄露。 Consequence analysis: The analysis of the expected effects of incident outcome cases, independent of frequency or probability.

后果分析：独立于频率或概率分析的可预期事故后果影响分析。

Contain and control measures: Primary containment system, basic process control system, operating procedures and training, and other measures to keep process materials and energies confined within the primary containment system and to keep the process within safe design and operating limits, thus avoiding abnormal situations and loss-of-containment events that could lead to loss, damage and injury impacts.

泄漏防护措施：主要工艺设施，基本工艺控制系统，操作程序及培训，以及其他能够保持工艺过程中的物料和能量被限制在主要工艺设施之内并且处于安全的设计及操作阀限内，以避免发生可能导致损失、破坏和人员伤亡的异常情况和损失事件。

CPQRA: The acronym for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis. It is the process of hazard identification followed by numerical evaluation of incident consequences and frequencies, and their combination into an overall measure of risk when applied to the chemical process industry. It is particularly applied to episodic events. It differs from, but is related to, a Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA), a quantitative tool used in the nuclear industry.

化工过程定量风险分析（CPQRA）：CPQRA是化工过程定量风险分析的缩写。首先对工艺过程中的危害进行辨识，然后定量评估事故发生的可能性及后果的严重性，对化工行业来说，经常将可能性及严重性组合成风险进行度量。CPQRA特别适用于偶然事件。它类似于核工业上常用的定量方法-概率风险评估（PRA），但是不尽相同。 Deviation: A process condition outside of established design limits, safe operating limits, or standard operating procedures.

偏离：操作条件超出了设计阀限、安全操作阀限或标准操作程序的要求。

Enabling condition: A condition that is not a failure, error or a protection layer but makes it possible for an incident sequence to proceed to a consequence of concern. It consists of a condition or operating phase that does not directly cause the scenario, but that must be present or active in order for the scenario to proceed to a loss event; expressed as a dimensionless probability.

使能条件：某个并不是失效、错误或者保护层但却是将事故序列转变为最终结果的必须条件。它是由一个不直接导致事故场景的条件或者操作阶段组成，但是它是事故场景转变为损失事件的必要条件；表示为无量纲的概率。

Enabling event: Another term sometimes used for enabling condition. The term enabling condition is preferred, since enabling conditions are not generally events but rather conditional states.

使能事件：使能条件的另一个专业名称。一般来说“使能条件”的名称较为恰当，因为使能条件通常指的不是事件，而更接近于一种条件状态。

Endpoint: The furthest extent in an incident sequence to which a LOPA or QRA scenario evaluation is taken in the scenario analysis. Depending on the approach used, the endpoint could be a material/ energy release magnitude, a qualitative

category of potential loss and harm impacts, an order-of-magnitude impact category with or without conditional modifiers, or fully quantified loss and harm impacts. 阀限：在LOPA或QRA场景评估中考虑的事故序列的最大范围。根据所采用分析方法的不同，阀限可以用一种物料或能源的泄放量、定性的潜在损失和危害影响类别、带有/无修正因子的量化影响等级，或者全定量的损失和危害影响来表示。

Episodic event: An unplanned event of limited duration, usually associated with an incident.

偶然事件：一段时限内发生的非预期事件，通常与事故有关。

Episodic release: A release of limited duration, usually associated with an incident. 非连续泄漏：一段时限内的泄漏，通常与事故有关。

Event: An occurrence involving a process that is caused by equipment performance or human action or by an occurrence external to the process. Events include initiating events, loss events and success or failure of safeguards.

事件：由设备性能或人员操作或外部事件导致的与工艺相关的场景。事件包括初始事件、损失事件以及保护措施成功或失效。 Event sequence: See Incident sequence 事件序列：见事故序列

Event tree: A logic model that graphically portrays the combinations of events and circumstances in an incident sequence

事件树：一种通过图形的方式来表示事故序列里事件和环境的逻辑相关性，常用来分析事故形成过程。

External event: Event external to the system caused by (1) a natural hazard earthquake, flood, tornado, extreme temperature, lightning, etc., (2) a human induced event aircraft crash, missile, nearby industrial activity, fire, sabotage, etc., or (3) an interruption of a service such as electric power or process air.

外部事件：外部事件包括：（1）自然灾害，例如地震、洪水、龙卷风、极端环境温度、闪电等。（2）人为事故，例如飞机失事、导弹、附近工业事故、火灾、恶意损坏等。（3）公用工程中断，例如电力或工厂风。

Failure: An unacceptable difference between expected and observed performance. 失效：系统预期性能与实际性能间的不可接受的差距。