Generally speaking, the progress of society depends more on the contributions of leaders rather than the ordinary masses. 1. It should be admitted that individual thinkers and scientist make important contributions to society.
2. However, history is filled with examples that indicate the dramatic contributions to society made by the people who are
capable of leading others toward a common goal.
3. Today, progress in every field is impossible without the joined efforts of individuals—through the coordination of
leaders.
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81. \ 出于爱国对于一个国家的尊崇往往不是促进进步而是阻碍进步。 Agree
1. It should be admitted that patriotic reverence for the history of a nation is a precondition of national cohesion. 2. However, irrational reverence for national history would result in social conservatism that rejects the introduction of
any social reforms.
3. Blind reverence for national history would also cause fanatic nationalism, making impossible the communication
between nations and cultures. 沙文主义
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84. \past achievements within that field.
在任何物质领域中，如果不首先接受该领域中过去成就的影响就不可能会有意义重大的成功。
Progress in any field is based on past achievements within that field.
1. In social sciences, the past achievements of a field are the rich sources of inspirations for formulating new theories in
that field.
2. In natural sciences, scientists use the existing methods and equipments—the achievements of the past—to make new
discoveries or inventions.
3. Even in creative fields such as arts and literature, mastering the achievements of the past is a precondition of creating
new works. 现在和过去
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86. \recognition.\
年轻人应该被鼓励去寻求长期的现实目标而不是追求眼前的名声。
1. Seeking immediate fame and recognition would turn out to be counterproductive.
2. Unfortunately, today’s education and society seem to attach more importance to immediate success.
3. In the long run, pursuing long-term goals not only benefit young people themselves but also the whole society. 现实和将来
------------------------------
87. \ 在所有的研究领域中，新手要比专家更有可能获得重要的发现。 Agree
1. Beginners have intense curiosity about the unknown and great courage to try new things, while experienced experts
tend to be more conservative.
2. Furthermore, beginners are highly motivated and enthusiastic people who are eager to establish their career and fame. 新手和老手
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91. \the way people form values.\
大多数人认为他们深信不疑的价值观是理性选择的结果，但是理智往往对于人们形成价值观几乎根本不起作用。
Individual’s deeply held values are usually not the result of rational choice, but the result of socialization. 1. It is the culture in which we live that provides us with the values. 2. Most people simply adopt the values instilled by their culture.
3. It is necessary to question the established values within a certain society. 理性和感性之价值观 ------------------------------
95. \much more than individual competition does.\
人们在团队中工作比独立工作要更加有效率。团队协作需要的合作能够比个人间的竞争更加激励人们。
1. In some jobs productivity clearly depends on the ability of coworkers to cooperate as members of a team. 2. In other types of jobs individual competition, tenacity and ambition are key to productivity.
3. On balance, however, my view is that cooperation is more crucial for an organization’s long-term productivity than
individual competition. 竞争和合作之效率 ------------------------------
99. \—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superseded by simpler, more immediate options.\
在任何生活领域中----无论是学术、社会、商业还是政治----获得成功的唯一道路就是采取现实的而不是理想化的观点。实用的行为确保了生存，反之理想化的观点正在趋于被更简化的和更直接的选择所取代。
Idealism is just as crucial—if not more so—for long-term success in any endeavor, whether it be in academics, business, or political and social reform.
1. When it comes to academics, although the idealist-student might sacrifice a high overall grade average, the depth of
knowledge, academic discipline, and sense of purpose the students gains will serve that student well later in life. 2. Considering the business world, without a dream or vision—that is, without strong idealist leadership—a firm can
easily be cast about in the sea of commerce without clear direction, threatening not only the firm’s bottom line but also its very survival.
3. Finally, when it comes to the political arena, it is idealists—not pragmatists—who sway the masses, incite revolutions,
and make political ideology reality. 理想和现实
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118. \goal that matters, but rather the ideas and discoveries that are encountered on the way to the goal.\
在所有的物质领域中--科学、人文科学、社会科学、工业等等--能否达到目的并不重要，而在争取达到目的的过程中获得的想法和发现才更重要。
In some cases, the statement makes sense; in other cases, it does not.
1. In academic studies, the goal of a project is but a general direction; what matters are the unexpected concrete findings
on the way to the goal.
2. However, in industry and business, what is crucial is the attainment of a specific goal rather than the process toward
that goal.
3. In politics, failing to achieve a promised goal might mean a calamity for a politician. 过程和结果
------------------------------
121. \processes. Thus, there is no justification for society to make extraordinary efforts, especially at a great cost in money and jobs, to save endangered species.\
在过去不同的地质时期，许多的物种因为自然作用而非人类行为而灭绝。因此，人类社会为了挽救濒危物种而付出的巨大努力，尤其是以大量的资金和工作机会为代价，这样做是毫无道理的。
The statement raises a variety of issues about morality, conscience, self-preservation, and economics. On balance, however, I fundamentally agree with the notion that humans need not make “extraordinary” efforts—at the expense of money and jobs—to ensure the preservation of any endangered species.
1. There are three fundamental arguments for imposing on ourselves at least some responsibility to preserve endangered
species, which are culpability, capability, and self-preservation.
2. On the other hand are two compelling arguments against placing a duty on humans to protect endangered species.
The first is essentially the Darwinian argument that extinction results from the inexorable process of so-called “natural selection” in which stronger species survive while weaker ones do not.
3. Secondly, many animal extinctions are due to natural forces which are far beyond our ability. The more money and
jobs it would cost to save a certain species, the lower priority we should place on doing so. 人类和自然--当务之急（资金、工作）和长远考虑（物种） ------------------------------
127. \ 事实都是固执的。它不可能随着我们的愿望、喜好或者情绪而改变。
When it comes to certain aspect of our personal lives, and to historical events and scientific truths, no measure of desire or even passion can change external reality.
1. On an individual level, we all engage in futile attempts to alter facts—by pretending that certain things are not the way
they are because they are inconsistent with our wishes or personal interests.
2. Nor can we alter facts by virtue of our inclinations or passions when it comes to history. Historical event is not
rendered any less factual by either our ignorance or characterization of it.
3. Similarly, when it comes to science, our wishes and desires ultimately yield to the stubbornness of facts—by which I
mean empirical scientific evidence and the laws and principles of the physical world. 客观和主观
------------------------------
136. \ 没有选择的情况少之又少。 Agree
1. Our collective life experience is that we make choices and decisions every day—on a continual basis. Common sense
dictates that humans have free will, and therefore the true absence of choice is very rare.
2. People often claim that life’s circumstances leave them with “no choice”. The fundamental problem with these sorts of
claim is that the claimants are only considering those choice that are not viable or attractive.
3. Besides, the contention that we are almost invariably free to choose is far more appealing from a socio-political
standpoint than the opposite claim. 独立题目
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137. \ 我们所称之为进步的过程就是从一个问题变化到另一个问题。 Agree
1. Industrialization, a great historical progress which has dramatically saved the limited labor force, has brought about
environmental problems.
2. Urbanization, another breakthrough in human history, has witnessed a rise in crime rates and disintegration of
communities.
3. However, there is no need to be pessimistic about progress. 独立
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139. \time.\
每一代人都要根据自己时代的情况和自己的说法来重新定义对与错。
1. We should define some new items for better understanding of the development of techniques and enhancing the
quality of our life.
2. However, rashness of redefining the terms may cause detrimental effects to our society. Such as the sex liberty in the
U.S., which led to dramatic rise in juvenile delinquency. 3. Meanwhile, we should give no doubt to axioms. 时间
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141. \people recognize the benefits of individuality, but the fact is that personal economic success requires conformity.\
虽然大多数人都承认个人的利益，但是事实上个人的经济成功需要的是一致。
Agree with concession
1. Regarding the sort of economic success that results from investing one’s wealth, the principles of investing dictate
that those who seek risky investments in areas that are out of favor with the majority of investors ultimately reap higher returns than those who follow the crowd.
2. Turning to the sort of economic success that one achieves by way of one’s work, neither conformists nor
non-conformists necessarily achieve greater success than the other group.
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