Making inference
It means ‘reading between the lines’, which is an important reading skill. It requires the reader to use background knowledge in order to infer the implied meaning of the author.
Task (in classroom activity)
A task is an activity which requires learners to arrive at an outcome from given information through some process of thought, and which allows teachers to control and regulate that process.
Communicative Approach
Communicative Approach is a new method for teaching English compared with other ones. It is developed on the base of Functional approach. It pays emphasis on real language communication in language teaching. With communicative approach, teachers would try to use authentic language materials, to create real situation in daily life, to make use of information gap and task-based activity to develop students’ communicative competence.
The connotation（含义）of culture in foreign language teaching (in the National English Curriculum)
A language has rich cultural connotations. In foreign language teaching, culture means the history and geography, local conditions and customs, traditional conventions, life styles and modes, literary and arts, norms of the conduct and values, etc. of the country whose language is learnt.
The following categories about the countries taking the target language as their native language:
Communicative Competence
Communicative competence entails knowing not only the language code or the form of language, but also what to say to whom and how to say it appropriately in any given situation. Communicative competence includes knowledge of what to say, whom, how, where, and to whom.
Task-based activity
Task-based activity is a kind of classroom activity often used in communicative method language teaching. After the teacher assigns a certain task and the students try to get some information to finish the task through communicating with their classmates. The students learn the language while using the language in the process of communication.
Authentic language material
Authentic language material refers to the sort of language material the native speakers would use to each other. They are written for native speakers to read or spoken for native speakers to listen to by native speakers. It is not simplified in
any way for the convenience of learners of the language. Such as English novels, poems, advertisements, films, speeches, programs on radio or TV, news reports, plays, etc. We advocate English teachers should use authentic language materials as teaching materials in English teaching.
Communicative approach
Communicative approach is a new method for teaching English compared with other ones. It is developed on the base of Functional approach. It pays emphasis on real language communication in language teaching. With communicative approach, teachers would try to use authentic language materials, to create real situation in daily life, to make use of information gap and task-based activity to develop students’ communicative competence.
Information gap
Real communication is often initiated because of the existence of an information gap. The speaker has got the information which the listener does not know or the speaker wants to know information the listener has got. The gap of information between the two communicators is called information gap. The purpose for people to communicate with other people is to fill the information gap. It’s also an important concept in communicative approach, for information gap creates the need and the desire to have real communication. To apply information gap to language teaching in classroom will be effective to develop students’ language skills for communication.
The five objectives in the new National English Curriculum are:
1.) Language knowledge — phonetics; vocabulary; grammar; function and topic 2). Language skills — listening; speaking; reading and writing
3). Learning strategies — cognitive strategy; controlling strategy; communicative
strategy and resource strategy.
4). Culture awareness — cultural knowledge; cultural understanding; awareness and
competence of cross-cultural communication
5). Affection and attitude — motivation and interest; self-confidence and strong will;
spirit of cooperation; consciousness of motherland and international prospect
The relationship among the five objectives and functions of each objective
undertaking.
Viewed from the perspective of language learning, language skills ensure the basic ability to learn the language, language knowledge forms the basis of comprehensive language, competence, students’ affect and attitude strongly influence their learning and development, successful learning strategies improve the effectiveness of students’ learning, and cultural awareness ensures student’s appropriate use of the language.
The five teaching steps of English classroom teaching are:
Classroom arrangement: ----- to call the students’ attention to the class.
Reviewing and checking: -----to review and check the contents learned before，and set up a bridge between the old knowledge and the new ones. Presentation: ----- to introduce the new materials in different ways. Practicing: ---- to practice and consolidate the new materials.
a. Mechanical practice ---- form-focused practice (language structure) b. Meaningful practice ---- meaning-focused practice (language usage)
c. Communicative practice ---- applying-focused practice (language application) Summing up and assignment: ----- to assign the students some homework to do after class.
Formative assessment Summative assessment Language skills
Language knowledge Affect and attitude Learning strategies Cultural awareness Classroom interaction
Receptive classroom activity Productive classroom activity Warm-up activity
Classroom instruction 61 Procedural explanation 62 Content explanation 62 Open question 64 Closed question 64 Display question 64 Referential question 64 Procedural question 64 Convergent question 65 Divergent question 65 Mistake 69 Error 69
Word stress 80 Sentence stress 80 Intonation 81 Morpheme 107
Inductive learning method 124 Deductive learning method 124 (Inductive approach) (Deductive approach)
Denotative meaning 138 Connotative meaning 139 Collocation 140
Active (productive) vocabulary 144
Passive (receptive) vocabulary 144 Language acquisition device 424, 454
Authentic language material 参见上面的内容
The abbreviations of some terms of ETM occurred in our text book. (omitted)
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