READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on pages 3 and 4.
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 1 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings ⅰ The appearance and location of different seaweeds ⅱ The nutritional value of seaweeds ⅲ How seaweeds reproduce and grow ⅳ How to make agar from seaweeds ⅴ The under-use of native seaweeds ⅵ Seaweed species at risk of extinction ⅶ Recipes for how to cook seaweeds ⅷ The range of seaweed products ⅸ Why seaweeds don’t sink or dry out 1 2 3 4 5 6
Paragraph A Paragraph B Paragraph C Paragraph D Paragraph E Paragraph F
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Seaweeds of New Zealand
A Seaweed is a particularly wholesome food, which absorbs and concentrates traces of a wide variety of minerals necessary to the body’s health. Many elements may occur in seaweed-aluminum, barium, calcium, chlorine, copper, iodine and iron, to name but a few-traces normally produced by erosion and carried to the seaweed beds by river and sea currents. Seaweeds are also rich in vitamins; indeed, Inuits obtain a high proportion of their bodily requirements of vitamin C from the seaweeds they eat. The health benefits of seaweed have long been recognized. For instance, there is a remarkably low incidence of goiter among the Japanese, and also among New Zealand’s indigenous Maori people, who have always eaten seaweeds, and this may well be attributed to the high iodine content of this food. Research into historical Maori eating customs shows that jellies were made using seaweeds, nuts, fuchsia and tutu berries, cape gooseberries, and many other fruits both native to New Zealand and sown there from seeds brought by settlers and explores. As with any plant life, some seaweeds are more palatable than others, but in a survival situation, most seaweeds could be chewed to provide a certain sustenance.
B New Zealand lays claim to approximately 700 species of seaweed, some of which have no representation outside that country. Of several species grown worldwide, New Zealand also has a particularly large share. For example, it is estimated that New Zealand has some 30 species of Gigartina, a close relative of carrageen of Irish moss. These are often referred to as the New Zealand carrageens. The substance called agar which can be extracted from these species gives them great commercial application in the production of seameal, from which seameal custard (a food product) is made, and in the canning, paint and leather industries. Agar is also used in the manufacture of cough mixtures, cosmetics, confectionery and toothpastes. In fact, during World War II, New Zealand Gigartina were sent to Australia to be used in toothpaste.
C New Zealand has many of the commercially profitable red seaweeds, several species of which are a source of agar ( Pterocladia, Gelidium, Chondrus, Gigartina). Despite this, these seaweeds were not much utilized until several decades ago. Although distribution of the Gigartina is confined to certain areas according to species. And even then, the east coast, and the area around Hokianga, have a considerable supply of the two species of Pterocladia from which agar is also made. New Zealand used to import the Northern Hemisphere Irish moss ( Chondrus crispus) from England and ready-made agar from Japan.
D Seaweeds are divided into three classes determined by colour-red, brown and green-and each tends to live in a specific position. However, expect for the unmistakable sea lettuce (Ulva), few are totally one colour; and especially when dry, some species can change color significantly-a brown one may turn quite black, or a red one appear black, brown, pink or purple. Identification is nevertheless facilitated by the fact that the factors which determine where a seaweed will grow are quite precise, and they tend therefore to occur in very well-defined zones. Although there are exceptions, the green seaweeds are mainly shallow-water algae; the browns belong to the medium depths; and the reds are plants of the deeper water, furthest from the shore. Those
shallow-water species able to resist long periods of exposure to sun and air are usually found on the upper shore, while those less able to withstand such exposure occur nearer to, of below, the low-water mark. Radiation from the sun, the temperature level, and the length of time immersed also play a part in the zoning of seaweeds. Flat rock surfaces near mid-level tides are the most usual habitat of sea-bombs, Venus’ necklace, and most brown seaweeds. This is also reddish-purple lettuce. Deep-water rocks on open coasts, exposed only at very low tide, are usually the site of bull-kelp, strapweeds and similar tough specimens. Kelp, or bladder kelp, has stems that rise to the surface from massive bases or holdfasts, the leafy branches and long ribbons of leaves surging with the swells beyond the line of shallow coastal breakers or covering vast areas of calmer coastal water.
E Propagation of seaweeds occurs by seed-like spores, or by fertilization of egg cells. None have roots in the usual sense; few have leaves; and none have flowers, fruits or seeds. The plants absorb their nourishment through their leafy fronds when they are surrounded by water; the holdfast of seaweeds is purely an attaching organ not an absorbing one.
F Some of the large seaweeds stay on the surface of the water by means of air-filled floats; others, such as bull-kelp, have large cells filled with air, often reduce dehydration either by having swollen stems that contain water, or they may (like Venus’ necklace) have swollen nodules, or they may have a distinctive shape like a sea-bomb. Others, like the sea cactus, are filled with a slimy fluid or have a coating of mucilage on the surface. In some of the larger kelps, this coating is not only to keep the plant moist, but also to protect it from the violent action of waves.
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Questions 7-10
Complete the flow-chart below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes7-10 on your answer sheet.
Gigartina seaweed
(other name：7 )
↓ Produces
↓
8
Is used to make is used to make
9 --medicines, such As 10 Is used to make ---cosmetics A type of custard ----sweets
-----toothpastes
Questions 11-13
Classify the following characteristics as belong to A brown seaweed B green seaweed C red seaweed
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet. 11 can survive the heat and dryness at the high-water mark 12 grow far out in the open sea
13 share their site with karengo seaweed
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