The scientific research of the experience as private as consciousness is disappointingly beyond the usual methods of the experimental psychology. This may be why many researchers have avoided considering the idea of consciousness in nonhuman animals. In the late 1960s, however, psychologist Gordon Gallup designed a test of the sense of self: the mirror test. If an animal were able to recognize its reflection in a mirror as “self”, then it could be said to have an awareness of self, or consciousness. It is known that a cat or a dog reacts to（对…做出反应）its own image in a mirror, but often it treats it as that of another individual whose behavior very soon becomes puzzling and boring.
The experiment needed to familiarize the animal with the mirror and then marking the animal’s forehead with a red spot. If the animal saw the reflection as just another individual, it might wonder about the curious red spot and might even touch the mirror. But if the animal realized that the reflection was of itself, it would probably touch the spot on its own body. The first time Gallup tried the experiment with a chimpanzee（大猩猩）, the animal acted as if it knew that the reflection was its own and it touched the red spot on its forehead. Gallup’s report of the experiment, published in a 1970 article, was a significant development in our understanding of animal minds, and psychologists wondered how widespread self-recognition would prove to be.
56. Which of the following statements best describes the behaviorist’s position（立场）about consciousness in nonhuman animals? A. Most nonhuman animals show signs of self-consciousness. B. Most nonhuman animals can be taught self-consciousness. C. Chimpanzees are the only nonhuman animals that have self-consciousness of human level. D. Nonhuman animals do not have self-consciousness.
57. The author suggested that researchers before 1960 probably avoided studying nonhuman animal consciousness because they ______. A. did not wish to experiment with living animals B. were discouraged by earlier unsuccessful experiments that studied human consciousness C. had not yet designed proper research methods for animal consciousness experiments D. lacked the necessary lab equipment to study animal consciousness
58. What does the author mean by the underlined sentence that “The experiment needed to familiarize the animal with the mirror”? A. The experiment required the use of a chimpanzee that had not taken part in the mirror test before. B. Gallup had to allow the chimpanzee to become used to the mirror before he began the experiment. C. Gallup had to teach the chimpanzee to recognize its reflection in the mirror D. The chimpanzee had to first watch the experiment being carried out with another chimpanzee. 【答案】56.D 57.C 58.B 【分析】
56.D细节理解题。根据下文中 “a revolution that changed the behaviorist（行为学家） belief that only humans had minds.”可知行为学家认为有大脑的只有人类，其它动物没有大脑，即自我意识。故选择D
57.C细节理解题。题目问1960年代之前为何没有非人类意识的研究，根据下文中“The scientific research of the experience as private as consciousness is disappointingly beyond the usual methods of the experimental psychology. This may be why many researchers have avoided considering the idea of consciousness in nonhuman animals.”可知当时心理学研究的方法无法对意识进行专门研究。故选择C
58.B推断题。根据下文中“The experiment needed to familiarize the animal with the mirror and then marking the animal’s forehead with a red spot.”可知该实验需要猩猩和镜子的熟悉过程作前期准备，点红点也是实验的重要准备工作。故选择B
(B)
It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the
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commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial considerations.
Helen Lee took a 70% cut in salary when she moved from a senior post in Abbott Laboratories to a medical department at the University of Cambridge. Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions. Some areas of inquiry have few prospects of a commercial return, and Lee’s is one of them.
The influence of a salary cut is probably less serious for a scientist in the early stages of a career. Guy Grant, now a research associate at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Informatics at the University of Cambridge, spent two years working for a medicine company before returning to university as a post doctoral researcher. He took a 30% salary cut but felt it worthwhile for the greater intellectual opportunities.
Higher up the ladder, where a pay cut is usually more important, the demand for scientists with a wealth of experience in industry is forcing universities to make the change to academia more attractive, according to Lee. Industrial scientists tend to receive training that academics do not, such as how to build a multidisciplinary team, manage budgets and negotiate contracts. They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development. “Only a small number of undergraduates will continue in an academic career. So someone leaving university who already has the skills needed to work in an industrial lab has far more potential in the job market than someone who has spent all their time on a narrow research project.”
59. By “a one-way street” in Paragraph 1, the author means ______. A. university researchers know little about the commercial world B. few university professors are willing to do industrial research C. few industrial scientists would leave to work in a university D. there is little exchange between industry and academia
60. The underlined word “deterrent” most probably refers to“something that _____” A. helps to move the traffic B. attracts people’s attention
C. brings someone a financial burden D. keeps someone from taking action
61. What was Helen Lee’s major consideration when she changed her job in the middle of her career? A. Less work hours.
B. More freedom to choose research fields. C. Better prospects of a commercial return. D. Her preference for the lifestyle on campus.
62. What can industrial scientists do when they come to teach in a university? A. Make its research more practical.
B. Develop its students’ potential in research.
C. Help it to obtain financial support from industry.
D. Increase its graduate’s competitiveness in the job market. 【答案】59.C 60.D 61.B 62.D 【分析】
59. C词意理解题。根据下文中 “While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction.” 以及第一段最后一句“For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial considerations.”可知学术界和产业界只有学术界到产业界捞金，诚然，产业界也有心甘情愿去学术界的，这里的“a one-way street”正是两界水火不容的写照。故选择C 60. D词意理解题。根据下文中“people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job”，可知收入是那些有家室的人无法转向大学工作的原因。故选择D
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61. B细节理解题。根据下文中“Her main reason for returning to academia mid-career was to take advantage of the greater freedom to choose research questions.”可知学术领域的自由探索是她的主要诉求。故选择B
62 D推断题。从文中最后一段“They are also well placed to bring something extra to the teaching side of an academic role that will help students get a job when they graduate, says Lee, perhaps experience in manufacturing practice or product development.”可以看出业界人士投身教育界可以为学生的就业产生积极影响。故选择C
C
Should corporations be able to patent human genes? The Supreme Court（最高法院） is considering that question today. The idea that corporation can patent genes is disturbing and in some cases deadly. Today’s case could produce a landmark ruling that either allows corporations to go further to lock up genes with exclusive patents, or unshackles human genes, allowing doctors and researcher to work more freely in combating deadly diseases.
People’s genes can say a great deal about their health. There are genes that reveal an increased likelihood of getting cancer, heart disease or Alzheimer’s. Today’s case focuses on two genes that have genetic mutations that can indicate a higher risk of breast and ovarian cancer. When doctors know that a woman carries these genes, they can provide appropriate and often life-saving treatments.
Unfortunately for carriers of those genes, a Salt Lake City-based company called Myriad Genetics claims that it has a patent over “isolated” forms of these two genes. That means that Myriad has exclusive control over testing for the two genes. That is too much power to put in one company—and the risk is high. Medical experts have told the court that Myriad’s patent have led to people being misdiagnosed.
Gene patents also discourage scientists from conducting research that could lead to cures and better therapies. A survey of more than 130 genetic laboratories found that 53% of the respondents（受访者） chose mot to develop or perform genetic tests for clinical or research purposes because there was a patent.
On the law, this should not be a hard case. The Supreme Court has long held that patents can protect products of human wisdom—but not laws and phenomena of nature. Human genes are clearly parts of nature—not human creations. Myriad argues that it is not patenting nature when it patents genes because it is protecting the process of isolating those genes from the body. But as the American Medical Association argues in a brief that is like saying that the first surgeon who removed a kidney（肾脏） should be able to get a patent on all “isolated” kidneys. 63. To “unshackles human genes” (underlined, para.1) means to ______. A. control human genes for exclusive use B. frustrate the attempt to patent human genes C. make an important ruling on human genes D. make research on human genes more efficient 64. The danger of having a gene patented is ______.
A. obtaining absolute power over the development of medicine B. threatening the Supreme Court’ authority over genes C. reducing the amount of medical research conducted on it D. slowing down the research conducted on other genes 65. Myriad defended itself by saying that ______. A. it only had patents over two types of genes B. it only patented two mutations of the same gene C. the patented genes had nothing to do with cancer D. it only patented the way the genes were isolated 66. The example of “isolating kidney” is used to ______. A. explain the impossibility of patenting kidney B. illustrate the possibility of patenting nature C. challenge Myriad’s attempt to defend itself D. accuse the Supreme Court of inaction
【答案】63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C
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【分析】
63. B词意理解题。这个词在这句话中出现，“Today’s case could produce a landmark ruling that either allows corporations to go further to lock up genes with exclusive patents, or unshackles human genes, allowing doctors and researcher to work more freely in combating deadly diseases.”，前半句为该案的判决或者让公司可以享受独家使用基因专利权，后半句用一个or引出，很显然是与前半句的意思相反，即公司无法享受基因专利权。故选择B
64. D细节理解题。根据文章中第三、四段对基因被公司垄断专利权的状况的论述，主要的问题是测试和研究被垄断专利的基因无法进行。故选择D
65. D细节理解题。根据文章中第五段Myriad对自身立场的论述， “Myriad argues that it is not patenting nature when it patents genes because it is protecting the process of isolating those genes from the body.”，可知Myriad认为其对基因分离技术保留权利。故选择D
66. C例子功能题。文章第五段给出的第一个分离肾脏的医生也应获得专利的例子是为了驳斥Myriad所持的观点，故选择C
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. A. He found the bacterium had a similar effect on the mice as an anti-depressive drug might
B. Soil bacteria not only benefit people but also benefit animals
C. Gardening can also be used as a way of treating addiction D. It’s no wonder some of us turn to gardening as a form of therapy
E. Alcohol can make people behave peculiarly and dangerously in gardening
F. Some experts actually believe that getting outside to dig and plant things acts as a “natural
excitement”
The Good of Gardening
Do you have a hobby that helps you relax and unwind? For some people, there is no better way to relieve pressure than spending time in the garden. This small private area of green space can be their place of calm.
(67)________. A survey conducted by the Royal Horticultural Society, found that 82% of people in the UK said that gardening makes them happier. It also found that 70% of them, given the choice, would prefer to spend their working day in the garden with just 9% opting for an office.
For those with green fingers, the pleasure of gardening comes from getting out in the fresh air, in all weathers and communing with nature -- even if there are a few too many worms! It can also be seen as a sort of digital-detox -- time away from technology. (68)________.
Dr Christopher Lowry, a neuroscientist at the University of Colorado, injected a bacterium commonly found in soil into mice to see what affection this would have on them. (69)________. When we dig in soil we absorb this bacterium through our lungs or cuts in our skin, so Dr Lowry concluded that since the mice seemed happier when treated with soil bacteria, it’s likely we would be, too.
(70)________. There’s evidence that recovering alcoholics who have been given the opportunity to plant, grow, and even sell their produce, have managed to stop their addictive habits. Scot Stephenson, for example, got dismissed from school and started a vocational qualification in gardening. He says, “I got my NVQ level 2 which is my first qualification and enjoyed it ever since.”
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