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2015中考代词名词复习(精心整理)

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名 词

一、名词的数

1.可数名词单数和复数

可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。名词复数变化形式如下:

(1)一般情况在词尾加-s,例如:book→books,girl→girls,boy→boys。

(2) 以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的词加-es,例如:bus→buses,class→classes,box→boxes。 (3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s,例如:orange—oranges. (4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country

→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s,如:boy→boys, day→days. (5)以o结尾表示有生命的名词,在词尾加es :hero→heroes,potato→potatoes,tomato

→tomatoes. 以o结尾表示无生命的名词,在词尾加s.例如:radio→radios,photo

→photos,piano→pianos.

(6) 以f或fe结尾的词,多数变f为v再加-es,例如:knife→knives,leaf→leaves, half

→halves. 注:有些以f或fe结尾的词直接加-s 如:roof→roofs

(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式,例如:foot→feet, tooth→teeth,goose→geese, child→children,mouse→mice.

【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如:an Englishman,two Englishmen.但German不是合成词,故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman等作定语时,它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

如:a man worker, two women teachers

有个别名词单复数同形,例如:Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish(鱼的数量)等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时,可以加复数词尾es.

(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等。

(9)看作整体时,谓语用单数;看作组成该集体的各个成员时,谓语用复数:family, team, group, class,government.

This class is made up of 20 boys and 15 girls. This class are reading English now.

(10)还有些名词只有复数形式,如:trousers,clothes,chopsticks,scissors等。这些词作主语,谓语用复数,如果pair,pairs,谓语与其一致。 (11) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式,中间加连字符。例如:an 8-day holiday 2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法

计算不可数名词时,用“数词或冠词+量词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示。 a piece of advice two cups of tea

注意:①有些名词既可作不可数名词,又可作可数名词,如:time(时间/次数,倍数),fish(鱼肉/鱼),room(空间/房间),noise(噪音/声响),paper(纸/试卷,文件),chicken(鸡肉/鸡),experience(经验/经历)

②表示不定数量时,不可数名词常用much,(a)little,a lot of,some,any等修饰。

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二、名词的所有格

1.表示有生命的东西的名词所有格

(1)一般在单数或复数名词后加 “ 's”。如: Wei Fang's chair the children’s bedroom

(2)以-s结尾的复数名词后直接加“'”。如: the students' reading room; Teachers’ Day

(3)并列名词表示各自所属时,在两个名词之后都加“ 's”;Lily and Lucy's father is a worker. 表示共同所属时.在最后一个名词后加“ 's”。如:Lily's and Lucy's fathers are both workers. (4)表示店铺,某人的家,诊所、餐馆等,其所有格后的名词(如shop等)可以省略。如: at the doctor’s在诊所 at my grandpa’s在我爷爷家

2.表示无生命的东西的名词的所有格,常常用“of+名词”的形式。如: the covers of the books书的封面 a picture of my family一张我家的全家福

(1)表示有生命东西的名词,如果名词较长或名词的定语较长.也可用“of+名词”的形式。如:the works of Lu Xun,Lao She and Mao Dun

(2)表示时间、距离、城市、国家等无生命的事物的名词,可加“ 's”或“'”构成所有格。如: yesterday's newspaper twenty minutes’ walk 3.双重所有格

被修饰的名词前有不定冠词,指示代词,不定代词或数词等时.要用名词的双重所有格。其结构为?of+名词所有格; ?of+名词性物主代词 如:

These are some pictures of my brother's Is she a daughter of yours?

比较:a photo of my father's我父亲的一张照片

a photo of my father我父亲的照片 (照片上是我父亲) 注意:名词所有格作定语强调所属关系或表示逻辑上的谓语关系

名词作定语通常说明被修饰的词的类别、用途、材料、地点、时间等。名词作定语时,一般用单数形式。a student teacher 实习教师 a student's teacher 一位学生的老师 注:man, woman作定语时,假如被修饰的名词是复数,man和woman也要变成复数 如: five men drivers

代 词

I.人称代词、物主代词和反身代词 一、完成下列表格: 人 称 代 词 主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性 I my you yours he she it itself we our you you they their 物 主 代 词 反 身 代 词 ①人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。e.g. He is much taller than I/me. ②三个不同人称同时出现,按照人称单数顺序

“you→he→I”(二、三、一人称); 复数“ we→you→they”(一、二、三)。e.g.

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You, he and I are from different countries, but we all have the same hobbies.

?名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 This book is mine. = This is my book.

注:of + 名词性物主代词属双重所有格 A friend of mine came to see me yesterday. ④反身代词常见词组:teach oneself=learn sth. by oneself, enjoy oneself, help oneself to... say to oneself, hurt oneself, see sth. oneself, lose oneself in... II.指示代词 单数 复数 含义 this(这个) these(这些) 指较近的人和物 that(那个) those(那些) 指较远的人和物 注:有时为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用that或those代替。 The population of China is larger than that of America. Television sets made in Beijing are as good as those made in Shanghai.

Ⅲ.疑问代词:

who、whom、whose、what、which、whatever、主要用于特殊疑问句中,一般放在句首。口语中也常用who代替whom作宾语,但在介词后则只能用whom. what与 which的用法区别:当选择的范围较明确时,用 which;当选择的范围不明确时,用 what. 如: Which color do you like, red, black or white? What color is your car?

选择题:1.--________the population of China?

--1.3billion. Everyone knows China has the_______population in the world. A. What are; most B.What is; largest C.How many are; most D. How much is; largest

2._______ you do, do it well. A.What B. Whatever C.However D. Whenever

Ⅳ.不定代词:

两者 每一个 each 都 both 每一个(否定) neither 另一个 the other 任何一个 either 三者以上 each, every all none another any (1) some和 any 的用法: some一般用于肯定句中,意为“几个”、“一些”、“某个”作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如:I have some work to do today. They will go there some day.

some 用于疑问句时,表示建议、请求或希望得到肯定回答。 如:Would you like some coffee with sugar?

any 一般用于疑问句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一个”,作定语时可修饰可数或不可数名词。如:They didn’t have any friends here. Have you got any questions to ask? any 用于肯定句时,意思是“(三者以上中)任何(一个)的”。 ..... You can read any book on the desk. 选择题:—Walt,we have few vegetables for dinner.Could you go and buy____? 一Yes,sure. But I don't have ____money.

A. any;any B. some;any C. any;some D. some; some (2) few、little、a few、a little的用法: 含义 用法 用于可数名词 表示肯定 a few虽少,但有几个 表示否定 few不多,几乎没有 用于不可数名词 a little,虽少,但有一点 little不多,没有什么 He is very poor and he has little money.他很穷,几乎没有什么钱。 Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.别着急,还有一点儿时间呢。 There are few people there, are there?

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注: only/just只能与肯定词连用。如:--Can you speak English? ---Only a little.

a little和little也可以用作副词,a little表示“有点,稍微”,little表示“很少”。 I'm a little hungry. (修饰形容词hungry) Mary, go a little faster, please. (修饰比较级) She slept very little last night.

选择题:—Is your friend Michael still in Australia?

—I don't know.I have ____ information about him because we haven't seen each other for______years.

A.a little;a few B.little;a few C.a few;a little D.few;a little (3) each和every:

a) each可作代词和形容词。而every只能用作形容词。如可以说each of these books 或each one of these books。但不能说every of these books,只能说every one of these books。 b) each可指两者或两者以上中间的每一个,而every只可指三者或三者以上中间的每一个。如可以说each of my ears,不能说every one of my ears。 (4)none 和 no one

a) 它们都表示两者或以上的全部否定。

? none后可跟of短语,既可指人也可指物;而no one不与of短语连用,且只

指人。 e.g. None of the books are/ is easy to read. None of us have / has been to Beijing. No one agrees with you.

?none 与数量有关,一般用来回答 How many/much的问句 表“一个也没有”。 而no one 表示“什么人也没有”。一般用来回答who, anyone,anybody 引起的问句。

--- How many people can you see in the room?----_____.

--Who is in the room?--_____. --Is there anyone in the room? --_____. ? _none作主语时,谓语动词用单复数均可;而no one作主语时,谓语动词只能 用单数。

拓展:nothing 指物,谓语动词用单数,一般用来回答anything的一般问句及what引起的特殊问句。—Can you see anything without glasses?—Nothing.

—What is in the box? —Nothing.

(5)other, the other, another, others, the others的区别: other “另外的,其他的”常与复数名词连用。

the other 表示两个人或物中的“另一个”。常与one搭配构成“one ..., the other ...”句型。 如: He has two brothers. One is 10 years old , the other is 5 years old.

another 表示三者或三者以上的“另一个”。 Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one?

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