and it provides boundless entertainment in the United States and around the world. Instead of an object lesson in the dangers of political polarization, racial inequality, and human cruelty, fans consider their favorite war an exercise in nobility—a bloodbath that somehow forged the unbreakable bonds of American national identity.
Most Civil War historians were reared in this romantic tradition, and they have yet to fully free themselves from it. They still view the struggle through rose-colored glasses, making excuses for flawed heroes who have the reputations they never deserved. With the publication of While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military Prisons of the Civil War, Charles W. Sanders has distinguished himself as one of the few scholars capable of addressing the Civil War with utter frankness. His brilliantly researched book is a ringing indictment of the prisoner-of-war (POW) systems maintained by both sides of that war, as well as the politicians and soldiers who deliberately sent thousands of men to needless suffering and death. There are no heroes in this study, just too many unnecessary victims.
Sanders sets his study in context by first tracing the evolution of POW policy during the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War. Americans knew that POWs were vulnerable to mistreatment, and the quickest way to improve their lot was to negotiate exchanges with the enemy. At the outset of the Civil War, neither side was prepared to cope with the many foes their armies captured, and prisoners inevitably suffered from inadequate housing, food, medical care, and other necessities. Abraham Lincoln delayed the implementation of general exchanges until July 1862 for fear it would allow rebellious southerners to claim de facto recognition of the Southern sovereignty. Once
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implemented, the exchange system quickly emptied prisons in the North and South, but it began breaking down by the end of the year.
51. Most Civil War historians would agree that the Civil War may have A. taught a useful lesson about human nature. B. started political struggles in America. C. raised the awareness of the race issue. D. strengthened American national identity.
52. Civil War historians usually believe that “flawed heroes” A. should be forgiven. B. should be criticized. C. should be studied further. D. should be evaluated objectively.
53. According to Charles W. Sanders, the Civil War A. created various heroes. B. brought pointless misery. C. started the first POW system. D. was brutal but inevitable.
54. In the early days of the Civil War,
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A. the POWs were in difficult situations. B. the number of the POWs was small. C. the POW exchanges were frequent.
D. both sides used the POWs for political purposes.
55. What does the passage say about the POW exchange system of 1862?
A. It had been postponed deliberately. B. It put the South at a political advantage. C. It became a successful model for later time. D. It raised the public awareness of the POW problem.
Section C (10 points)
Directions: There are two passages in this section. In each of the
passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks numbered 56 to 60 and 61 to 65. There is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Answer Sheet I.
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Passage 1
China’s growth is not uniformly high. Like every other economy in the world, China’s is shaped by its geography, in this case an east-west divide and a north-south divide. ___56___ China’s east coast is the Pacific Ocean, and some of the most important port cities in the world can be found there, including (from north to south) the ports of Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Hainan Island. The coastal provinces have the advantage of proximity, both in time and transport costs, to major world markets by sea-based trade. ___57___ Both are forbidding borders, with enormous transport costs and great distances to major world trading centers. It is not surprising that the western provinces have been growing much less rapidly than the eastern provinces, and that foreign investors focus their investments almost entirely on the eastern coastal provinces
____58____ This is economic geography, and the east-west growth divide is natural. It won’t go away. It will be addressed partly through an internal migration of job seekers leaving the west and heading east. This trend has already produced the largest migration occurring in the world today, with perhaps 150 million people having moved either permanently or seasonally between the interior and the coastal provinces. ___59___ These investments will help improve infrastructure, industrial development, and social development, through better schools and better health services.
The Chinese north-south divide is a little bit less conspicuous, but it
is also very significant. The north is dry compared to the south. ___60___
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