后布龙菲尔德

简介：后布龙菲尔德学派一布龙菲尔德1 9 3 3 年出版《语言论》之后, 从四十年代中期到五十年代末, 美国语言学界出现了一个异常的活跃、人才辈出的局面。一大批才华横滋的学者活跃在语言学舞台上, 取得了突出的成就, 人称“ 后布龙菲尔德学派”。 background: The Post Bloomfield school appeared after the Bloomfield \1940s metaphase to 1950s, American linguistics appeared an unusually active situation. A large number of talented scholars were active in the linguistic arena, obtained outstanding achievement which called \Post Bloomfield school\

代表人物：其中较著名的有: C.F.Hoekett , z.Harris , C . Fries , Trager , smith , B . Bloeh , R.wel ls ,H . Gleas 、sndney lamb 等。 Representative: C.F.Hoekett , z.Harris , C . Fries , Trager , smith , B . Bloeh , R.wel ls ,H . Gleas 、sydney lamb and so on

主要思想：后布学派基本上还是坚持布龙菲尔德的传统, 对语言的心理学认识仍是刺激一反应学说, 在语言的分析方法上仍以IC 法为主, 并坚持认为描写应从音位开始, 描写语言学的目的是要建立一个发现程序。但是在这个大的框架之内, 他们在许多具体问题上有时甚至在重大问题上与布龙菲尔德又有区别, 提出了新的见解, 发展了布龙菲尔德的学说, 在客观上为语言理论上的“乔姆斯基革命” 做了准备。

Main idea: the Post Bloomfield school basically adhere to the

tradition of Bloomfield. Stimulus-response theory is the psychology of language understanding .In the analysis of language methods is still by IC method, and insists that the description should be started from phonemic. Descriptive linguistics aims to establish a discovery procedure. But in this big frame, they are different in many specific issues and sometimes even in the major issues with Bloomfield, offering new view. They developed Bloomfield's theory, preparing for the linguistic theory on the \

突破：布龙菲尔德在《语言论》中曾对整个语言系统做过明确的描述, 他认为语言是一个音义结合体, 语义又可以分为语汇和语法意义两种。语法意义再次分为句型、结构和替代三个部分。结构部分又由句法和词法组成。描写语言时就要分头对这几个部分逐级进行。照这样看, 语言系统就成了一个完全独立的、封闭的系统。对此, 后布学派有不同看法, C . F . H o c k e t ( 1 9 5 8 ) 认为, 语言是一个习惯系统, 由五个支系统组成:

Bloomfield had a specific description on the whole language system in the \language \he thinks that language is a combination of semantic meaning, and can be divided into the vocabulary and the grammar. Grammar can be divided into sentences, structures and alternative. Part of the structure is composed of lexical and syntactic composition. we should contrast them when descript language step by step by. According to it, the language system has become a

completely independent, closed system. After this, Post Bloomfield school have different opinions about it.In C.F.Hocket ( 1958) view, language is a habit system which is composed of five support system:

a . 语法系统: 全部语素及语素出现其中的配列。 b . 音位系统: 全部音位及其出现其中的配列。. C．语素音位系统: 连接语法系统和音位系统的编码。

d .语义系统: 把各种语素、语素的配列与外界事物和环境或某种事物和某种环境连系起来。

E.语音系统: 把音位序列转变成声波的方式。这些声波由说话者发出, 再由听话者从话语信号中解释出来。

A. Syntax system: all morphemes and morpheme occurs among the arrangement.

B. phonemic system: all phonemes and the arrangement. .

C. morphophonemic system: connecting the grammatical system and phonemic coding system.

D semantic system: all sorts of morpheme morpheme, the arrangement and the surroundings or some things and some environment together.

E. phonetic system: the phoneme sequence transfer into a sound way. These sound waves are sent from the speaker , and be translated by the hearer in discourse signal.

这五个次系统构成一个完整的语言系统。语言正是据此才成为交际工具的。但它们并不是相互平等的。C.F.Hocket 认为前三者是中心次系统, 后两者是辅助次系统。所谓中心, 意思是说它们不与任何非话语世界发生直接连系, 是独立于外界而存在的纯语言结构,而辅助系统则要与外界发生联系, 不是独立的。 The five systems constitute a complete language system.Language become the tool of communication in this way. But they are not equal to each other. C.F.Hocket hold the opinion that before three is the center of system, which is the auxiliary system. The so-called central, meaning that they are not associated with any discourse world directly , which is independent of the external existence of pure language structure. The support system is connected with the outside that not independent.

以前的描写语言学只注重中心系统的研究, 忽视辅助系统的研究, 甚至不把它们放入语言系统的框架之内, 这是错误的。C . F . H o c k t 指出, 我们必须利用语音的标准才能正确地分析音位系统, 才能知道两个话语或片段是否是一样的, 同时我们还必须利用语义的标准。在这一问题上, 后布学派对语言系统的认识要比布龙菲尔德向前迈进了一大步。

Previous descriptive linguistics focused only on the central system, but neglect auxiliary system , even not put them in language system framework which is wrong. C. F. H o c k t points out, we must use

the phonetic standards in order to correctly analyze the phonemic system, in order to distinguish two words or fragment. At the same time we must also use the semantic standards. In this issue, ｉｔwas a big step forward ｏｆPost Bloomfield school ．

贡献：布龙菲尔德在《语言论》中建立了一个完整的音位系统, 但该系统却是以他自已的家乡方言作为基础的, 所以音位数量有限, 重要的是其对双元音的处理不太适当。他们共同总结出一个九个元音的系统,弥补了布龙菲尔德系统的不足, 并使之由仅适用于一种方言发展到了适应于儿乎一切美国英语方言, 具有较大的概括性, 尤其是对于双元音的描述有较强的系统性。所有这一切都是布龙菲尔德的系统所远非能比的, 从而对整个美国语言学界产生了很大的影响, 成了一个普遍接受的系统。Contribution: Bloomfield establish ａcomplete phonological system in \language \but the system is On the basic of his own hometown dialect, so ｉｔ ｉｓlimited ｉｎ ｔｈｅ number of phonemes, it is not appropriate ｉｎ the double vowel processing . They summed up a nine vowel system, maｋｉｎｇ up of Bloomfield system , and made the only applies to a dialect to adapt to almost all American English dialects ｗｈｉｃｈ has greater generality, especially for descriｐｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ the double vowel.Ｔhus the entire American linguistics influence has become a widely acceptive system.