Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions：After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically
correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Many of us spend our lives in black, brown, navy, white, grey and so on. But by choosing safe shades ___21___ ______ a bright dress, we could be missing out on the health benefits from colour.
Jules Standish, author of How Not to Wear Black, is a style and colour consultant for women afraid of standing out, and she believes ___22___（change）your shopping habits can boost your well-being and self-respect.“Research shows that colours can have ___23___ psychological effect,”she says.“Looking at warm, bright colours, such as red or pink, releases dopamine（多巴胺）--___24___（know）as the‘feel-good hormone’—which can improve our mood and heighten the attention span.”
Here, Jules gives her suggestion on the colours ___25___ can’t be more suited.
“Red and green ___26___ never be seen”couldn’t be more wrong. Unexpectedly, they work greatly well together. Our brains associate colours with temperature, so scarlet（深红色）is at ___27___（hot）end of colour spectrum（色谱）. Scarlet and burgundy（紫红色）are both universally attractive and suit almost every skin tone and hair colour. This combination ___28___（think）unpleasantly bright, but here the green, or bright blue, helps to tone down the purple.
Research also suggests that men prefer women in pink, ___29___ it’s the closest colour to skin. Pale pink is a feminine and youthful colour, but it is more wearable than its brighter counterpart. Add touches of burgundy ___30___（make）it more elegant. Pale pink can be worn well into your 60s, and works for those who don’t feel comfortable in attention-grabbing shades.
Section B
Directions：Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
Most of us learn at primary school that there are seven continents, but the next generation of kids may be adding one more to that list.
According to a recent paper published ___31___ in the Geological Society of American Journal by a group of researchers, “Zealandia” is a new continent that’s hidden beneath the ocean.
Zealandia is ___32___ to be five million sq. km. Most of this massive area is covered by water, but its highest
mountains already have their own name: New Zealand.
The small country is the only part of Zealandia that isn’t underwater, but the paper’s authors want the huge landmass to be recognized worldwide as its own continent.
“The ___33___ value of classifying Zealandia as a continent is much more than just an extra name on a list,” the researchers wrote in their paper.
Scientists discovered Zealandia all the way back in 1995, then started extensive research on the area ___34___ underwater and satellite mapping technology. After completing their work, they were ___35___ able to write a report suggesting that Zealandia be named a continent.
But who decides on what is a continent and what isn’t? There is, in fact, no official organization that does. Some countries’ schools teach that there are six or even five continents. This changes ___36___ on where in the world school is.
Due to their ___37___ as a “continuous expanse of land”, some classify Europe and Asia as the same continent --known as Eurasia. Schools in Russia and parts of Eastern Europe teach this.
And to make things even more ___38___, France and Greece, as well as other countries, classify North America and South America as simply America.
This ___39___ over how land is defined has even stretched into outer space. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union（IAU）decided that Pluto was no longer a planet, 76 years after its discovery in 1930. Experts argued that it no longer met the requirements needed to be called a planet alongside the eight others in our solar system. It was therefore renamed a “dwarf planet（矮行星）”，meaning that countless books, models and museum exhibits all over the world had to be ___40___.
But will the world take the same notice of Zealandia? The best way to tell is to keep an eye on our textbooks.
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions：For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Since 1960, considerable scientific researches have been done on chimps in their natural habitats. Astonishingly, scientists have found out that the social ___41___ of chimps are very similar to humans. Chimps will ___42___ in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to ___43___ one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly ___44___ to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food?
In the laboratory, chimps don’t ___45___ share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greater effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull ___46___--he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, ___47___, are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this ___48___ in a series of experiments with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see a worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally ___49___ in young children. One is that these ___50___ appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave ___51___. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence ___52___ in children before their general cognitive skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the human children did no better than the chimps on the ___53___ world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world. The core of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t what Tomasello calls shared intentionality. Part of this ability is that they can ___54___ what others know or are thinking. But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a“we”，a group that intends to work toward a(n) ___55___ goal.
41. A. structures 42. A. conflict 43. A. trust
B. policies
C. behaviors C. offend C. isolate C. attempt C. naturally
D. responsibilities D. negotiate D. help D. oblige D. carelessly D. in advance D. on the other hand D. attractiveness D. stimulated D. coincidences D. competitively D. disappears D. physical D. balance D. ambitious
B. cooperate B. contact B. manage
44. A. decline 45. A. curiously 46. A. in turn 47. A. all in all
B. reluctantly B. at random B. as a result B. availability B. motivated B. instincts B. formally
C. with care C. in no case
48. A. cooperation 49. A. cultivated 50. A. attitudes 51. A. creatively 52. A. develops 53. A. abstract 54. A. infer
C. interrelationship C. possessed C. experiences C. socially C. changes
B. decreases B. invisible B. adapt B. shared
C. imaginary C. absorb C. specific
55. A. realistic
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