C
Some anthropologists suggested that the tendency of languages is more likely to contain words useful to their speakers．A study just published by Asifa Majid at Radboud University supports this．
Dr Majid knew from her previous work that the Jahai，a group of hunter-gatherers in Malaysia，are remarkably good at naming odors(气味)．When she asked some Jahai and American volunteers to name colors and odors they were presented with，the Americans generally agreed with one another when it came to naming colors but agreed much less when putting names to odors．When presented with baby powder they offered wax，baby oil，toilet paper and rose as descriptions．Jabai’s answers，however，were in equal agreement about both odors and colors．
Dr Majid suggested that it might be because the Jahai have a dozen words to describe different sorts of smells in the abstract．For example，the Jahai use the word“cxas”for the sorts of smells associated with petrol，smoke and various insects，and“plxex”for bloody，fishy and meaty sorts of smells．
Dr Majid also looked at how two other groups of people from the Malay Peninsula used terms for colors and odors．These were the Semaq Beri，who also hunt and gather for a living，and the Semelai，who grow rice．Their languages are closely related and they both live in the rainforest．Researchers asked the two groups to name odors and colors presented to them at random and found that the Semaq Beri used abstract terms for odors 86％of the time about as often as they did for colors．The Semelai also used abstract color descriptions at a similar rate， namely 78％of the time．But when it came to describing odors they relied on abstraction on only 44％ of occasions．
Given these findings and with the earlier study with the Jahai，Dr Majid argues that it is the hunting-and-gathering way of life，rather than the use of a particular language，that is vital to the use of abstract names for odors．
28．What can be inferred from Paragraph 2 about American volunteers? A．They had more odors in life． B．They knew fewer odor names． C．They used more odor names． D．They were familiar with odor names． 29．How did the researcher carry out the study?
A．By asking questions randomly． B．By changing people’s way of life． C．By comparing two groups of people． D．By living together with people involved． 30．What does the underlined word“they”refer to in Paragraph 4 ?
A．The Jahai． B．The Semaq Beri． C．The Semelai． D．The Americans． 31．What is the text mainly about?
A．Lifestyle and odor names． B．Lifestyle and color names． C．Language and its vocabulary． D．Language and human races．
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D
There is an old joke among pilots that says the ideal flight crew is a computer，a pilot and a dog．The computer’s job is to fly the plane．The pilot is there to feed the dog．And the dog's job is to bite the pilot if he tries to touch the computer．
Handing complex tasks to computers is not new．But recent progress in machine learning，a subfield of artificial intelligence(AI)，has enabled computers to handle many problems which were previously beyond them．The result has been an AI boom，with computers moving into everything from medical diagnosis and insurance to self-driving cars．
There is a problem，though．Machine learning works by giving computers the ability to train themselves，which adapts their programming to the task at hand．People struggle to understand exactly how those self-written programs do what they do．When algorithms(运算法)are doing small tasks，such as playing chess or recommending a film to watch，this“black box”problem can be safely ignored．When they are deciding who gets a loan，or how to drive a car through a crowded city，it is potentially harmful．And when things go wrong，then customers，regulators and the courts will want to know why．
For some people this is a reason to hold back AI．France’s digital-economy minister，Mounir Mahjoubi，has said that the government should not use any algorithm whose decisions cannot be explained．But that is an overreaction．The difficulties caused by clever computers are not unheard—of．Society already has plenty of experience dealing with problematic black boxes；the most common are called human beings，who can’t even figure out what’s going on in a brain．In response to the weakness in humans，society has evolved a series of workable coping mechanisms，called laws，rules and regulations．Many of these can be applied to machines as well.
Humans have worked with computers on complex tasks for decades．One lesson from such applications is that，wherever possible，people should supervise(监督)the machines．In that joke，pilots are vital in case something happens that is beyond the scope of artificial intelligence．As computers spread，companies and governments should ensure the first line of defence is a real person who can overrule the algorithms if necessary． 32．Why is the joke mentioned in Paragraph 1 ? A．To make people laugh． B．To foresee future aeroplane industry． C．To introduce the latest model of aeroplanes．
D．To raise people’s awareness of computers performing complex task． 33．What has caused the increasing application of computers in various fields? A．The shortage of labor force． B．The rise of artificial intelligence． C．The encouragement of government． D．The development of medical economy．
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34．Why aye some people opposed to AI?
A．Black boxes always go wrong． B．Laws forbid machine learning．
C．They don’t understand how AI works． D．Computers are trying to replace human beings． 35．What does the author suggest people do with AI?
A．Stop panic and welcome AI． B．Reduce the usage of algorithms．
C．Supervise AI wherever possible． D．Program machines by copying their own behavior． 第二节 (共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
It would be hard to overlook the influence that television once held over family life． 36 It was always there in the background．But that world is disappearing．
A report shows that children are more likely to watch programs and videos on laptops and mobile phones，rather than on television screens．That is to say，watching television within families is becoming a private and individual activity． 37 TV sets，the focus in a lot of homes for many years，are falling out of favor among children．
38 The monitoring survey shows their viewing has slightly increased this year to an average of over two and a half hours per day．Half of children and teenagers preferred watching back-to-back episodes(剧集)，so that two and a half hours of viewing might be for a single program． 39 The idea of a TV channel with a fixed schedule also seems as clumsy as a DVD player．
Such shared viewing is so last century．No longer will children argue over what to watch and then complain about their parents’choices．And parents are increasingly unlikely to be able to supervise their children’s viewing． 40 A．It was a shared experience across communities． B．The idea of waiting for a program is disappearing． C．Homes become places where people are alone together． D．Even if you hated programs，you still watched them． E．Both of them realize the shape of family life is changing． F．Teenagers regarded themselves as what they liked on television． G．It’s not that young people have stopped watching programs and videos． 第三部分 英语知识运用(共两节，满分45分)
第一节 完形填空(共20小题；每小题1．5分。满分30分)
I had run out of printer ink，so I drove to the only store to buy some．It was the worst possible 41 to shop．The store was 42 with people and the wait at the checkout counter
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was long．I could see the 43 and frustration on the faces of the people around me．It was no 44 in the parking lot and I found myself in the middle of a long line of cars 45 to pull out．
As my car was inching forward I saw a young，thin woman in a 46 coat，holding up a cardboard sign that 47 ：“Homeless．Please Help!”I 48 as car after car drove past her the drivers 49 ．Coming closer I grabbed my wallet and 50 the little cash I had left．I stopped next to her， 51 down my window，and put it in her dirty hand，half covered with her ragged sleeve．She looked at me with a small 52 and whispered“Thank You”before the honking(鸣笛)car 53 me forced me to 54 on．
I drove away hoping that I had helped her 55 a little．Did my small act of kindness make a 56 to her ?I don’t know．Did it change the 57 of the driver behind me?
Probably not．In life we all want to make 58 changes and do great things， 59 sometimes a small kindness is enough．
The best way to help the helpless is to get up and do something．Love and kindness are never 60 ．They always make a difference．So fill your days with small kindnesses and love． 41．A．time 43．A．expressions 44．A．more 46．A．warm
B．way
C．area C．shared C．worse C．torn C．judged
D．chance D．1inked D．fear D．better D．waiting D．tight D．wrote D．thought D．got around D．set aside D．rolled D．act D．beside D．hold D．still D．plan D．situation D．great D．or D．wasted
42．A．arranged B．packed
B．1ess B．formal
B．feelings C．stress
45．A．deciding B．coming 47．A．indicated B．read 48．A．watched B．1ooked
C．stopping C．showed
49．A．stayed behind B．1ooked away C．ran off 50．A．put away B．added up C．pulled out 51．A．threw 52．A．nod 53．A．before 54．A．drive 55．A．ever 56．A．choice 57．A．habit 59．A．but
B．jumped B．behind B．keep B．even B．course B．if
C．knocked
C．past C．come C．also
B．welcome C．smile
B．difference C．start
C．opinion C．so C．found
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58．A．necessary B．complete C．perfect
60．A．rewarded B．paid
第二节 (共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填写1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In December 2013，I had to spend Christmas in 61 countryside of Nigeria with my husband’s family，who never had the tradition 62 (celebrate)this holiday．
It was my first Christmas away from America in many years，and there was a feeling of 63 (1ose)in this rural village， 64 there wasn’t even an atmosphere of the holiday．But in the end，I made a decision—if they could not bring Christmas to me．I would bring it to them．
My in-laws helped me look through their storage to find my old Christmas tree，which I 65 (buy)years before in Africa. I 66 (delight)to see the ornaments(装饰物)were still there and the string of lights even worked．
I took out my classic chocolate cake recipe，and 67 (make)a wonderful dessert for the family—a little creamy，but still satisfying．On Christmas Day．I shared the spirit of giving 68 presenting relatives in the village with 69 (import)chocolates wrapped in festive gold paper．
Everyone in the family responded with such warm smiles，glowing with a Christmas joy all their own. It wasn’t Christmas like I remembered，yet it left a 70 (last) impression me． 第四部分 写作(共两节，满分35分)
第一节 短文改错(共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分)
One afternoon in February，my classmates and I was on the way to the cinema．Suddenly an old woman falls down heavily due to the ground covering with thick ice．Seeing what had happened，we dialed 120 without a second thought．On such cold weather，we stayed with her until the ambulance came to scene．And then they left for the cinema．Although we were later for the film，we all thought it was worthwhile．After all，help people in need is a good way to obtain joy and happy．Now we all remember the day which we spent it together． 第二节 书面表达(满分25分)
假定你是李华，你校学生会暑期将组织“丝绸之路”沿线国家考察活动，留学生也可参加。请你用英语给对此次活动感兴趣的留学生Jenkins写封电子邮件，告之相关内容： 1．活动安排(参观、交流等)； 2．报名条件(年龄、身体状况等)； 3．报名方式。 注意：
1．词数100左右；
2．可以适当增加细节，使行文连贯。
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