the operating voltage of the primary circuit in order to prolong the life of the points. The primary circuit of the electronic ignition systems operates on full battery voltage, which helps to develop a stronger spark. Spark plug gaps have widened due to the ability of the increased voltage to jump the larger gap. Cleaner combustion and less deposit have led to longer spark plug life. 高行驶里程要求，低排放和高可靠性导致电子点火系统的发展。这些系统产生非常强的电火花，用来点燃稀混合气。为了延长触点的使用寿命，触点系统需要一个电阻器来降低初级电路的工作电压。电子点火系统初级电路的工作电压为蓄电池的满电压，它有助于产生强火花。火花塞间隙被加大，因为电压增加，能够击穿更大的间隙。清洁燃烧和低沉淀也会延长火花塞寿命。
On some systems, the ignition coil has been moved inside the distributor cap. This system is said to have an internal coil as opposed to the conventional external one.
在一些系统中，点火线圈被移到分电器盖内。这种系统与传统外部线圈相反，它有一个内部线圈。 as opposed to 与…相反，与…相对比 电子点火系统并不像它们初次出现时那样复杂。事实上，它们只与传统触点式点火系统有稍许不同。与传统点火系统相似，电子系统有两个电路：初级电路和次级电路。整个次级电路与传统点火系统相同。此外，蓄电池和线圈接线柱之间的初级电路也与传统点火系统相同。 Electronic ignition systems differ from conventional ignition systems in the distributor component area. Instead of a distributor cam, breaker plate, points, and condenser, an electronic ignition system has an armature (called by various names such as a trigger wheel, reluctor, etc.), a pickup coil (stator, sensor, etc.), and an electronic control module.
电子点火系统与传统点火系统不同的地方在于分电器区域。电子点火系统使用电枢，传感线圈（定子，传感器等）以及电子控制模块来代替分电器凸轮，断电器金属板，断电器触点和电容器。电枢有各种各样的名字，比如触发轮，磁组分配头等等。
Armature电枢reluctor磁组分配头pickup coil传感线圈，拾波线圈，感应线圈 7.3 Distributorless Ignition Systems (DIS)
The third type of ignition system is the distributorless ignition. The spark plugs are fired directly from the coils. The spark timing is controlled by an Ignition Control Unit (ICU) and the Engine Control Unit (ECU). The distributorless ignition system may have one coil per cylinder, or one coil for each pair of cylinders.
第三种点火系统是无分电器点火系统。火花塞由点火线圈直接点燃。点火正时由点火控制单元和发动机控制单元控制。无分电器点火系统每气缸或每对气缸有一个点火线圈。
Some popular systems use one ignition coil per two cylinders. This type of system is often known as the waste spark distribution method. In this system, each cylinder is paired with the cylinder opposite it in the firing order (usually 1-4, 2-3 on 4-cylinder engines or 1-4, 2-5, 3-6 on V6 engines, Figure 7-4). The ends of each coil secondary leads are attached to spark plugs for the paired opposites. These two plugs are on companion cylinders, cylinders that are at Top Dead Center (TDC) at the same time. But, they are paired opposites, because they are always at opposing ends of the 4-stroke engine cycle. When one is at TDC of the compression stroke, the other is at TDC of the exhaust stroke. The one that is on compression is said to be the event cylinder and one on the 3/8页
exhaust stroke, the waste cylinder. When the coil discharges, both plugs fire at the same time to complete the series circuit.
一些通用系统每两个气缸有一个点火线圈。这种系统常被称为废火（同时点火）分配方式。
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这个系统中，点火时序相反的两个气缸配成一对（分为一组），对于4气缸发动机，通常为1-4, 2-3，或6气缸发动机的1-4, 2-5, 3-6。每个线圈次级（绕组）导线一端（同时）连接到这对气缸的火花塞上，一对气缸上有两个火花塞，两个气缸同时达到上止点。但是其配对相反，因为它们总是位于4冲程发动机循环周期相反的一端。当其中一个处于压缩冲程的上止点，另一个则处于排气冲程的上止点。处于压缩冲程的气缸据说是做功（有效）气缸，而位于排气冲程的气缸是废缸。当点火线圈放电时，串联在一起的两个火花塞在同一时间完成点火。
Be known as 被称为event事件，过程，冲程
Since the polarity of the primary and the secondary windings are fixed, one plug always fires in a forward direction and the other in reverse. This is different than a conventional system firing all plugs the same direction each time. Because of the demand for additional energy; the coil design, saturation time and primary current flow are also different. This redesign of the system allows higher energy to be available from the distributorless coils, greater than 40 kilovolts at all rpm ranges.
因为初级绕组和次级绕组的极性是固定的，所以一个火花塞总是正向发火，而另一个总是反向发火。（指电流流动方向）这与传统系统每次对所有火花塞按同一方向点火不同。因为它需要附加（点火）能量，所以线圈设计，磁饱和时间和初级电流流动也不同。系统重新设计可从无分电器点火线圈获得更高的点火能量，在全部转速范围内，可超过40千伏。 Be different than 不同于
The distributorless ignition system uses either a magnetic crankshaft sensor, camshaft position sensor, or both, to determine crankshaft position and engine speed. This signal is sent to the ignition control module or engine control module, which then energizes the appropriate coil. 无分电器点火系统可采用磁性曲轴传感器，凸轮轴位置传感器，或两者相结合来测定曲轴位置和发动机转速。（测量）信号被发送至点火控制模块或发动机控制模块，然后由它对相应点火线圈通电。
The advantages of no distributor, in theory, are: 1. No timing adjustments.
2. No distributor cap and rotor. 3. No moving parts to wear out.
4. No distributor to accumulate moisture and cause starting problems. 5. No distributor to drive thus providing less engine drag. 无分电器（点火系统），理论上的优点在于：不需要调整点火时间，没有分电器盖和分火头，没有运动部件磨损，不会发生分电器受潮所引起的起动问题，不需要驱动分电器，因此可减小发动机（转动）阻力。
The major components of a distributorless ignition are: 1. ECU or Engine Control Unit. 2. ICU or Ignition Control Unit.
3. Magnetic Triggering Device such as the Crankshaft Position Sensor and the Camshaft Position Sensor. 4. Coil Pack.
无分电器点火系统的主要组成有：ECU（即发动机控制单元），ICU（即点火控制单元），磁性触发器设备，比如曲轴位置传感器和凸轮轴位置传感器，线圈组件（Coil Pack）。 4/8页 EXERCISES
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I ．Answer the following questions：
1 ．Describe the functions of an automobile ignition system． 2 ．Explain the operation of point-type ignition system. 3 ．What does the term“waste spark\
4 ．Explain why a distributorless ignition system has more than one ignition coil. 5 ．Describe the purpose of the ignition coil． II ．Translate the following passage into Chinese：
1．The ignition system provides for the timely burning of the fuel mixture within the engine. Not all engine types need an ignition system-for example，a diesel engine relies on compression ignition，that is，the rise in temperature that accompanies the rise in pressure within the cylinder is sufficient to ignite the fuel spontaneously ．All conventional petrol engines，by contrast，require an ignition system．
点火系统为可燃混合气在发动机内的定时燃烧做准备。并非所有的发动机都需要点火系统，柴油机是通过压缩点火。伴随气缸内压力升高所产生的温度上升足以使燃料自燃。相反，所有传统汽油机都需要点火系统。 provides for做准备 2．The time that the fuel takes to burn is roughly constant．But the speed of the pistons increases as the engine speed increases．This means that the faster the engine goes，the earlier the spark has to occur ．This is called spark advance：The faster the engine speed，the more advance required．
燃料开始燃烧的时间一般说来是不变的。但是活塞的速度是随着发动机速度的增加而增加。这说明发动机运转越快，火花产生的时间越早。这叫做点火提前：发动机速度越快，提前的越多。 3．Ignition timing is the measurement，in degrees of crankshaft rotation，of the point at which the spark plugs fire in each of the cylinders．It is measured in degrees before or after Top Dead Center（TDC）of the compression stroke．
点火时刻是指火花塞在每个气缸中的点火时，曲轴的旋转角度。它按照压缩冲程上止点之前或滞后的度数来测量。
4．Ignition timing on many of today’s vehicles is controlled by the engine control computer and is not adjustable．However the timing can be read using a scan tool connected to the data link connector．
在现在的车辆上，点火时刻由发动机控制计算机来控制，而且是不能调整的。但是点火时刻可以采用与数据传送连接器相连的扫描工具来读取。 5/8页
Reading material：Basics of Engine Management 背景知识：
在以汽油机为动力的现代汽车上，发动机管理系统（Engine Management System，简称EMS）以其低排放、低油耗、高功率等优点而获得迅速发展，且日益普及。
EMS采用各种传感器，把发动机吸入空气量、冷却水温度、发动机转速与加减速等状况转换成电信号，送入控制器。控制器将这些信息与储存信息比较，精确计算后输出控制信号。EMS不仅可以精确控制燃油供给量，以取代传统的化油器，而且可以控制点火提前角和怠速空气流量等，极大地提高了发动机性能。
Modern engine management systems（EMS）do a fine job of ensuring that engines run cleanly and efficiently in a wide variety of conditions，they are for the most part reliable and require little
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or no maintenance．The two basic functions performed by an EMS are as follows： 1．To meter fuel to the engine in the right quantity． 2．To provide a spark at the right time．
现代发动机管理系统可以保证发动机在各种条件下清洁有效运行。它们在很大程度上是可靠的，几乎不需要维护。EMS的两个基本功能如下：计量发动机供油量和在适当时刻提供火花。
for the most part 在极大程度上，对大部分little or no 几乎没有 What is an engine management system？
An EMS is a self contained custom built computer which controls the running of an engine by monitoring the engine speed，load and temperature and providing the ignition spark at the right time for the prevailing conditions and metering the fuel to the engine in the exact quantity required．
发动机电子管理系统是一个单独定制的嵌入式计算机系统，通过监测发动机的转速、负荷以及温度情况来控制发动机的运行，并根据发动机工况来提供合适的点火时刻，（它能够使运行在各种工况下的发动机都能够在精确的时刻获得火花）并且能够精确地计量发动机所需的燃油量。
self contained 独立的，自持的custom built 定制的prevailing condition 当时情况 There are two discrete subsystems in operation within the EMS，the fuel injection system and the ignition system ．It is possible to run an engine management system which just provides one of these subsystems，for example just the ignition system ．It is much more common to use the mapped ignition within an EMS in isolation than it is to use just the injection．
EMS有两个离散子系统在运行，燃油喷射系统和点火系统。可以单独让EMS的一个子系统运行，比如点火系统。在发动机电子管理系统中，单独使用映射式（电子）点火系统的情况比单独使用（电控）喷射系统的情况更多一些。句中it is to use just the injection为省略句，应该为it is common to use just the injection within an EMS。in isolation分离，隔离 What is a‘map’？
Most of us have heard the term ‘Mapped ignition’ and programmed or mapped injection but may not understand what this actually is．Whilst the engine is running its requirements for fuel and ignition timing will vary according to certain engine conditions，the main two being engine speed and engine load ．A‘map’is no more than a lookup table by engine speed and load，which gives the appropriate fuel or timing setting for each possible speed and load condition．There will normally be a map for the injector timings（fuel map）and a separate map for the ignition timing settings（ignition map）within the EMS．
我们大多数人曾经听说过“映射式点火”和按程序工作的或映射式喷射，但可能不明白实际是什么。当发动机运转时，它的燃油需求量和点火时刻会随发动机的工作条件而改变，主要是发动机转速和负载。映射只是一个根据发动机速度和负载进行查找的表。它为每一个可能的发动机转速和负荷条件给出合适的供油以及点火时刻设置。正常情况下，发动机管理系统会有一个喷油器正时映射（燃油映射）和一个独立的点火时刻设置(点火映射)。
Each map has entries for a pre-determined range of engine speeds（called speed sites）and a predetermined 6/8页
range of engine load conditions（called load sites），which generally indicate how far open the throttle is．The EMS knows the engine speed（derived from the crank sensor or distributor pickup）and the engine load（from the Throttle Position Sensor or airflow meter) and will use
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