Acknowledging that climate change is a common concern of humankind, delegations from 195 states successfully negotiated a new and binding international agreement to protect the global climate at the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC) held in Paris in December 2015. The successful adoption of the Paris Agreement was also due to the hard work of a host of non-state actors, including NGOs and research institutions working to address the challenges of climate change.
With the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol due to expire in 2012, governments agreed to begin negotiations on an emissions reductions treaty for the post-Kyoto era at the 2007 Conference of Parties (COP) in Bali. In line with the agreement reached by the parties to the UNFCCC at the 2011 COP in Durban to negotiate a new climate protection treaty, this process was concluded successfully with the adoption of the Paris Agreement in late 2015.
One of the key innovations of the Paris Agreement is the adoption of a clearly defined target to limit global warming. The signatory states have agreed to limit the rise in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels. In order to achieve this, the agreement requires parties to prepare, communicate and maintain so-called ―Nationally Determined Contributions‖ (NDCs) that they intend to achieve. These national commitments represent a further departure from the model of the Kyoto Protocol.
The Paris Agreement does not include any language on precisely what states should include in these commitments. While the emissions reduction targets specified for each country under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol were the outcome of multilateral negotiations, under the Paris Agreement states are invited to determine their national contributions as they see fit. The NDCs submitted so far under the Paris Agreement will not be sufficient to keep global warming below the two degree target. However, the agreement also requires that states review the implementation of their NDCs and update their pledges every five years. The first evaluation of the implementation of the Paris Agreement is scheduled for 2023.
63. Which of the following is not the result of greenhouse effect? A. Average temperature rises
B. Glaciers melt D. Sea levels rise
C. Human beings burn fossil fuels
B. With Paris Agreement, human beings needn‘t worry about climate change any more C. Paris Agreement will probably not achieve the goal of keeping global warming below 2 °C D. National commitments in Paris Agreement agree with the model of the Kyoto Protocol 66. Which of the following is the best title of the passage? A. The Cause of Climate Change
B. The Paris Agreement and Global Climate Policy C. Kyoto Protocol Replaces the Paris Agreement D. The outcome of Paris Agreement Section C
Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A. The evidence indicates that this hypothesis applies chiefly to males. B. These points of view are widely accepted by the U.S. lawmakers. C. Finally, the authors examined the possible causes for the sex difference in sports interest. D. For example, in every society, males participate in sports at least twice as much as females in terms of frequency or duration. E. These points challenge the bedrock assumptions of many scholars and policy makers. F. However, how can we address the issue from a broad, evolutionary perspective? Sex difference in sports interest: What does evolution say?
Sports are enormously popular, and one striking pattern is that boys and men are typically much more involved than are girls and women. This sex difference has policy implications, and it raises fundamental questions about the nature of sex differences. A recent review article by Deaner, Balish, and Lombardo (2016), published in Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, analyzes the relevant theoretical work.
First, the authors demonstrated that females' under-representation in sport--both as participants and spectators--generally reflects their lesser sports interest, not merely fewer opportunities for involvement. Moreover, this sex difference occurs in all societies described thus far, from hunters and gatherers to large contemporary societies. __________(67).
Next, the authors explored adaptive, functional hypotheses（猜想）for sports. One hypothesis holds that individuals compete in sports to gain status and that non-participants monitor sports performances so they can evaluate potential competitors and allies（同盟）. __________(68). Another hypothesis is that sports serve as courtship displays that advertise participant quality to the opposite sex. This hypothesis effectively explains some aspects of females' sports interest.
5 / 6
64. In what aspect is Paris Agreement different from Kyoto Protocol? A. National contributions are not stated clearly in Paris Agreement B. Kyoto Protocol were the outcome of multilateral negotiations
C. Paris Agreement acknowledges that climate change is a common concern of humankind D. Specified targets each state should achieve are not included in Paris Agreement 65. It can be concluded from the passage that _____________. A. Kyoto Protocol is still working now
__________(69). Although it is often assumed that socialization practices entirely cause this sex difference, the evidence that socialization plays a role remains doubtful. In particular, no systematic historical comparison has ever shown a decrease in the sex difference. Moreover, several studies indicate that inborn hormones contribute to males' greater sports interest.
The points from this review are that the sex difference in sports interest is widespread, partly due to evolutionary pressures that differentially affected males and females, and unlikely to be fully overturned by socialization. __________(70). Most notably, Title IX is a U.S. law that prohibits sexual discrimination in educational opportunities, including sports, and Title IX is generally implemented under the assumption that females' sports interest is inherently equal to that of males. The present research indicates that this implementation may require revision.
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Could goats become our new best friends?
In a new paper in the journal Biology Letters, researchers from QMUL's School of Biological and Chemical Sciences found that goats respond to people by gazing at them when facing a problem they cannot solve alone, and their responses change depending on the person's behaviour.
To investigate, the team trained goats to remove a lid from a box to receive a reward. They made the reward inaccessible and recorded their reaction. In the test, the goats redirected their gaze frequently between the inaccessible reward and human experimenters. They also gazed towards a forward facing person earlier, more often and for longer compared to when the person was facing away.
The results provide strong evidence for complex communication between humans and goats, which were domesticated primarily for agricultural production, and show similarities with animals bred to become pets or working animals, such as dogs and horses.
The research indicates that the domestication of animals has a much broader impact on our knowledge about human-animal relationship than previously believed. For example, it's thought that the capacity of dogs to be aware of information from humans is the result of changes to the brain from becoming a companion animal through domestication.
\livestock (家畜) species to be domesticated, about 10,000 years ago,\author Dr Alan McElligott from the School's Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology.
\our research, we know that many domesticated animals for agricultural production are smarter than their reputation suggests, and these results show how they can communicate and interact with their human handlers just as pets or working animals.\
The researchers hope the study will lead to a better understanding of how skilled livestock are in their ability to solve problems and interact with humans. They also wish that an improvement in animal welfare would be reached ultimately. V. Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 72. 店主在卖这台空气净化机时向你开价多少？（charge） 73. 参加社区服务对提高青少年的综合能力有好处。(involve)
74. 就是在我周末经常去看书的那个图书馆，我碰巧遇到了我的小学同窗。 (It)
75. 尽管网购商品价格便宜，但我觉得盲目购物是不明智的，毕竟质量才是王道。(Despite)
VI. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
启明中学学生会对该校高二年级450位同学作了一项―中学生追求名牌现象‖的问卷调查，部分调查结果如下，假如你是宣传部（Propaganda Department）负责人李群，请写一份调查报告，内容包括： 1. 简述调查结果； 2. 谈谈你的看法。
购物档次选择 中高档 61% 低档 21% 无所谓 18% 买名牌父母不同意，你采取何种态度？ 愤怒 46% 自己积蓄 24% 就这样算了 30% 6 / 6
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