电脑维修技术大全

电脑维修技术大全

第13章 硬盘维修技术

13.1 硬盘维修必备知识····························· 214 13.1.1 硬盘的分类 ································· 214 13.1.2 硬盘的编号、组成结构 ·············· 216 13.1.3 硬盘的工作原理·························· 222 13.2 硬盘常见故障剖析····························· 223 13.3.1 硬盘常见故障现象······················ 223 13.3.2 硬盘常见故障分类······················ 223 13.3 硬盘维修技术分析与工具选择 ····· 225 13.3.1 硬盘维修常用技术分析

与选择 ········································· 225 13.3.2 硬盘维修的思路与流程 ·············· 226 13.4 硬盘维修实战案例····························· 226 13.4.1 用Fdisk修复硬盘MBR

损坏故障 ····································· 227 13.4.2 不丢失原有数据用FDISK

重建硬盘MBR ···························· 228 13.4.3 用DiskMan修复硬盘分区表 ····· 229 13.4.4 用Norton工具修复硬盘不能

引导故障 ····································· 231 13.4.5 用DOS/Windows命令修复

磁盘损坏扇区······························ 233 13.4.6 用Partition Magic隔离

硬盘坏区 ····································· 234 13.4.7 用Norton的Wipeinfo

修复坏道 ····································· 236

15.1 显卡维修必备知识 ···························· 250

与分析 ···················································· 243 14.3 光驱、刻录机维修技术分析

与工具············································24414.3.1 光驱、刻录机维修常用

技术分析 ····································· 244 14.3.2 光驱、刻录机维修常用工具 ······ 246 14.3.3 光驱、刻录机维修的思路

与流程 ········································· 246

14.4 光驱、刻录机维修实战案例 ············· 246 14.4.1 光驱、刻录机不能自检，

指示灯亮 ····································· 246 14.4.2 光驱、刻录机读盘故障·············· 246 14.4.3 光驱、刻录机挑盘故障·············· 247 14.4.4 光驱、刻录机图标丢失故障 ······ 247 14.4.5 读盘不稳定故障 ························· 248 14.4.6 光驱、刻录机机械故障·············· 248 14.4.7 光驱、刻录机不出仓故障·········· 248 14.4.8 托盘弹出弹入时，光驱、刻录机

发出很大的噪音 ························· 248 14.4.9 DVD不读盘故障······················ 248 14.4.10 刻录失败故障 ··························· 249 14.4.11 缓冲区数据不足故障················ 249 14.4.12 刻录机写入光盘失败················ 249 14.4.13 无法识别刻录机故障················ 249

第15章 显卡维修技术

第14章 光驱、刻录机维修技术

14.1 光驱、刻录机维修必备知识 ············· 239 14.1.1 光驱的工作原理·························· 239 14.1.2 刻录机的工作原理······················ 240 14.1.3 DVD激光头系统 ························ 241 14.2 光驱、刻录机常见故障剖析 ············· 242 14.2.1 光驱、刻录机常见故障现象 ······ 242 14.2.2 光驱、刻录机常见故障分类

15.1.1 显示芯片 ····································· 250 15.1.2 显存············································· 251 15.1.3 RAMDAC（数/模转换器） ········ 251 15.1.4 显卡BIOS ··································· 251 15.1.5 总线接口 ····································· 251 15.1.6 输出接口 ····································· 251 15.2 显卡常见故障剖析 ···························· 252 15.2.1 显卡常见故障现象 ····················· 252 15.2.2 显卡常见故障分类与分析·········· 252 15.3 显卡维修方法与思路························· 253 VI

目录

17.3.2 电源维修的思路与流程··············269

15.3.1 显卡常用维修方法······················ 253 15.3.2 显卡维修常用工具选择 ·············· 254 15.3.3 显卡维修的思路与流程 ·············· 254 15.4 显卡维修实战案例····························· 254 15.4.1 显示颜色不正常 ························· 255 15.4.2 显卡驱动程序丢失故障 ·············· 255 15.4.3 显卡挡板故障 ····························· 255 15.4.4 显卡灰尘故障 ····························· 256 15.4.5 驱动程序故障 ····························· 256

17.4 电源维修实战案例 ···························· 270 17.4.1 电源波动故障 ····························· 270 17.4.2 电源开关故障 ····························· 270 17.4.3 电源功率不足故障 ····················· 270 17.4.4 电源负载能力降低故障··············27117.4.5直流电压无输出或电压输出

不稳定 ········································· 271 17.4.6 开机后风扇转动，屏幕无显示 ·· 271

第16章 声卡维修技术

16.1 声卡维修必备知识····························· 257 16.1.1 声卡的类型 ································· 257 16.1.2 声卡的接口 ································· 259 16.2 声卡常见故障剖析····························· 259 16.2.1 声卡常见故障现象······················ 259 16.2.2 声卡常见故障分类与分析 ·········· 260 16.3 声卡维修方法与思路························· 260 16.3.1 声卡常用维修方法······················ 260 16.3.2 声卡维修的思路与流程 ·············· 263 16.4 声卡维修实战案例····························· 263 16.4.1 驱动程序故障 ····························· 263 16.4.2 噪声故障 ····································· 264 16.4.3 电源故障 ····································· 264 16.4.4 暴音故障 ····································· 264 16.4.5 声音失真故障 ····························· 264

第18章 显示器维修技术

18.1 显示器维修必备知识 ························ 272 18.1.1 CRT显示器的工作原理 ··········· 272 18.1.2 LCD显示器工作原理··············· 273 18.2 显示器常见故障剖析 ························ 273 18.2.1 显示器常见故障现象 ··············· 274 18.2.2 显示器常见故障分类与分析 ···· 274 18.3 显示器检测故障的方法····················· 275 18.3.1 显示器常用的故障检测方法······ 275 18.3.2 显示器维修的思路与流程·········· 277 18.4 显示器维修实战案例 ························ 277 18.4.1 显示器不能显示故障 ················· 277

18.4.2 接触不良故障 ····························· 278 18.4.3 液晶显示器显示错误故障·········· 278 18.4.4 电源电路损坏故障 ····················· 278

18.4.5 显示颜色不正常 ························· 279 18.4.6 指示灯不亮故障 ························· 279 18.4.7 刷新频率太低导致开机

画面跳动 ····································· 279 18.4.8 停电导致显示器画面抖动·········· 280

第17章 电源维修技术

17.1 电源维修必备知识····························· 265 17.1.1 电源工作原理 ····························· 265 17.1.2 电源标注意义 ····························· 265 17.2 电源常见故障剖析····························· 266 17.2.1 电源常见故障现象······················ 266 17.2.2 电源常见故障分类与分析 ·········· 267 17.3 电源故障检测方法与思路 ················· 268 17.3.1 电源故障常用检测方法 ·············· 268

VII

附录

附录1 BIOS报警声及故障原因················ 281 附录2 BIOS POST代码及含义 ················· 283

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第1章 电脑维修快速入门

第1章 电脑维修快速入门

随着信息化的高速发展，电脑逐渐得到了普及。电脑主要由硬件和软件两部分组成。其中硬件设备有主板、CPU、显卡、内存、声卡、硬盘和显示器等；软件主要由应用软件和系统软件等组成。任何一个问题的出现可能都会造成电脑不能正常使用。造成电脑故障的原因有很多种，只要仔细观察故障现象，并找出其原因，就能动手排除故障。本章学习要点如下。

● 电脑故障分析

● 电脑维修常见软件工具 ● 电脑故障维修基本原则 ● 电脑故障维修流程

● 电脑软硬件故障常用维修方法 ● 电脑故障维修的准备工作

1.1 电脑故障分析

面对各种电脑故障的出现，要学会分析电脑故障以及产生的原因。在维修电脑过程中，要认识常见的软硬件工具并掌握其技术，以便自己动手解决故障。

1.1.1 常见电脑故障

既然电脑是由主板、CPU、显卡、内存、硬盘和显示器等所组成的，那么所产生的故障必然也是由这些设备引起的。下面将介绍在使用电脑的过程中，经常发生的电脑故障现象如开机无法显示、关机失败、自动重启、黑屏、蓝屏以及出现死机等状况作一一详解。

1、开机无法显示

电脑开机无显示，最先检查的就是BIOS，因为其储存着重要的硬件数据，同时BIOS也是主板中比较脆弱的部分，极易受到CIH病毒破坏，导致硬盘上的数据丢失。通过检测硬盘数据是否完好来判断BIOS是否被破坏，如果硬盘数据完好无损，再来分析以下几个原因。

（1）主板扩展槽或扩展卡有问题，槽内有灰尘或者槽本身被损坏。如图1-1所示。

图1-1 主板扩展槽

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电脑维修技术大全

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（2）现在的免跳线主板若在CMOS里设置的CPU频率不对，通过清除CMOS即可解决开机无显示故障。CMOS跳线一般在主板的锂电池附近，其默认位置一般为1、2短路，只要将跳线帽取下改为2、3短路几秒钟就可清除CMOS跳线。如图1-2所示。

1、2短路 取出锂电池放电 CMOS跳线3、2和1 .

图1-2 CMOS跳线 图1-3 锂电池放电

但对于以前的老主板是找不到该跳线的，先取下锂电池，过5～6秒钟的时间，电池完全放电后再安装上，即可解决开机无显示的故障。如图1-3所示。

（3）主板无法识别内存、内存损坏或者内存不匹配也会导致开机无显示的故障。

2、电脑关机失败

出现电脑关机失败的原因主要有：系统文件中自动关机程序有缺陷；病毒、有缺陷的应用程序或者系统任务；关闭Windows时设置使用的声音文件被破坏；外设和驱动程序兼容性不好，不能响应快速关机等。

3、电脑自动重启

电脑重启原因有很多，下面从软件、硬件和其他方面对重启现象作简单介绍。 （1）软件方面

● 病毒引起。“冲击波”病毒发作时还会提示系统将在60秒后自动启动（如图1-4所示）。木马程序从远程控制您电脑的一切活动，包括让您的电脑重新启动。

图1-4 “冲击波”病毒发作

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第1章 电脑维修快速入门

● 系统文件损坏或被破坏，如Win2K下的KERNEL32.DLL，Windows 98 FONTS目录下面的字体等系统运行时的基本文件被破坏，系统在启动时会因无法完成初始化而强迫重新启动。如果是这种原因，只要覆盖安装或重新安装系统即可。

● 定时软件或计划任务软件起作用。如果在“计划任务栏”里设置了重新启动或加载某些工作程序时，当定时时间到来时，电脑也会再次启动。

（2）硬件方面

● 机箱电源功率不足、直流输出不纯、动态反应迟钝。 ● 内存热稳定性不良、芯片损坏或者设置错误。 提示

内存出现问题导致系统重启致系统重启的几率相对较大。?

● CPU的温度过高，散热不好；缓存损坏 。

● AGP显卡或PCI卡（如网卡）引起的自动重启。如图1-5和1-6所示。

PCI卡 AGP显卡

图1-5 AGP显卡 图1-6 PCI卡

● 并口、串口或USB接口接入有故障或不兼容的外部设备时自动重启。 ● 光驱内部电路或芯片损坏。

● 机箱前面板RESET开关问题以及机箱内的RESET开关引线短路，导致主机自动重启。 ● 主板导致自动重启的事例比较少见，但是也存在。例如积尘太多导致主板RESET线路短路；插座、插槽有虚焊，接触不良；个别芯片或电容等元件损害。

（3）其他原因

● 市电电压不稳。

● 强磁干扰，当主机的抗干扰性能差或屏蔽不良，就会出现主机意外重启或频繁死机的现象。 要点

干扰既有来自机箱内部CPU风扇、机箱风扇、显卡风扇、显卡、主板、硬盘的干扰，也有来自外部的动力线，变频空调甚至汽车等大型设备的干扰。?

● 交流供电线路接错。有的用户把供电线的零线直接接地，使得从地线引入干扰信号，导

致自动重启。

● 插排或电源插座的质量差，接触不良。

4、电脑黑屏

电脑黑屏产生的原因主要由以下几个方面。

3