权力是否平衡影响雇佣双方对关系认知的一致性[2],权力较弱的一方常是被动接受雇佣条款,所以处于弱势方对雇佣条款的投入程度也会受到影响。与多元化视角不同,人力资源管理视角通常假设雇佣双方权力对等,而管理实践中雇佣合同往往由企业预先制定好,员工不仅要接受这些条款而且很少提出修改,这里就暗含一个我们常忽视的问题,即权力的不对称性。尤其在中国目前劳动保护尚不完善,劳动力市场供求失衡的背景下,权力不对等现象更为普遍。因此,未来本土雇佣关系的研究应该关注雇佣双方权力不对等问题,以及权力不对等对雇佣关系的影响结果、作用机制和条件。 2.加强对“关系”的研究
现有大部分的理论和实证研究都专注于交易的内容和本质,而对于关系本身的研究不是很多。交易会改变关系,而关系也会改变双方的交易,且关系的存在是交易的基础,因此对雇佣关系的研究应该加强对关系本身的探讨,整合雇员和雇主的双向研究视角。此外,关系本身包含了双方相互关联的条件,所以应该关注关系的互动性[2]、关系的形成机制[28]、影响关系的内生和外生变量等,进一步探索员工-组织关系的形成、维持、转变和终止的机制。
3.探讨个体因素和情境因素对雇佣关系的共同影响
目前大部分雇佣关系的研究偏重对个体因素的探索,忽略了组织和环境因素对关系的影响。在竞争加剧的全球化环境下,组织为保持弹性和竞争力采取多种雇佣方式和竞争战略,对组织内雇佣关系的形成和发展有着重要的影响。因此有必要将环境因素和组织的相关因素纳入到雇佣关系的研究框架中。王(Wang et al.,2003)[10]等的研究证实了探索性战略背景下低度投资比相互投资型雇佣关系更有利于组织的绩效,张士菊和廖建桥(2010)[48]则探讨了组织所有制类型对雇佣关系的影响,这些研究都从组织层面探讨雇佣关系的形成和影响。未来的研究应该关注个体因素与情景因素的互动机制,进一步拓宽研究的思路。 4.组织的代理主体问题
在将组织拟人化的过程中,组织代理主体的选择对理解雇佣关系的结果有重要影响[20]。雇主常由多个代理主体构成,比如直接领导、同事、高层管理者、人力资源管理者等。员工与不同层级的管理者建立不同的关系,针对不同的研究问题,员工在不同情景下选择的组织代理主体也呈现出较大的差异性。未来的研究应该跳出单纯将直接领导、中层管理者或高层管理者作为组织代理人的做法,具体探究究竟哪些因素影响员工的判断和选择,比如组织战略、特殊事件、文化价值观等,以提高组织代理主体的有效性。 5.雇佣关系研究层次的划分及整合
目前对雇佣关系的研究涉及个体、团队、工作、组织等多个层次,但是究竟将雇佣关系界定为哪个层面尚需要通过实践来判断。另外,从目前的研究看尚没有证据支持个体心理契约可以加总形成团队层面的雇佣关系[2]。那么,不同层次之间的雇佣关系如何转化,如何整合不同层面的研究尚待进一步解决。 6.理论基础的拓展
目前人力资源管理领域中雇佣关系研究的理论基础主要为社会交换理论,其核心是员工与组织间的交换和互惠关系,建立在对个人利益的理性假设基础上。虽然该假设应用广泛,但是并非适用于所有条件[53]。比如为何有的员工获得较低的回报,却乐在其中,是否存在其他的理论解释值得进一步研究。比如在高权力距离文化和家长型领导的情境下,服从规范的解释是否比互惠更有说服力;广义互惠(generalized reciprocity)与平衡互惠相比是否对利他行为更有解释力。
7.研究方法的拓展
目前的研究多是定量研究,较少的研究采用了定性研究方法,如关键事件法、日记法、访谈法等。雇佣关系研究的核心在于“关系”,而关系具有动态性、互动性等特点,且在动态竞争的环境下,心理契约的范围也在不断发生变化,因此,采用定性研究方法更有利于揭示雇佣关系的交易内容、交易过程和作用条件等,未来的研究可以通过采用不同的方法来探索解决上述问题,进而推动雇佣关系的研究。 【参考文献】
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