和语气特点。下面就一些常见文体的特征作简单介绍。
人物传记（biography）：主要记叙某人的生平事迹，一般包括背景情况（出生、家庭、教育、工作情况）以及所做出的成绩或个性、为人。节选部分是上述诸项的一方面，要求史料详实。
书评（book review）或别人做的序（preface）：一般介绍书的主要内容、特色及贡献、作者的基本情况及写作目的， 常出现the author, this book, the first chapter 等词。
报刊评论（news article）：新闻报道（news report）的最大特点是及时性，单词、句子、短语、段落都比较短；社论（news editorial）通常分析评论的也是最重点关注的热门话题；新闻特写（feature article）是对所发生的事件进行深度报道，不必非常及时，也不以阐明观点为主， 内容较详细。
科技论文（research paper）一般论及自然、社会、人文各方面的成就及重大现象，结构较为复杂，以长而复杂的句子闻名，多用被动语态。如：
The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in ,but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting tests, stress the “how to” aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the “how to” material is based on personal experiences and general impression. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence form which broad generalized principles can be developed.
There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviews is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis（诊断）and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed
personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.
35. The passage is most likely a part of ________. A) a news article B) a journalistic interview C) a research report D) a preface
文中的语言线索在最后一句 “as this book indicates”所以这应该为书评，故选D）。 4）词汇及语义类型题 (1) 词义辨别题
该题型涉及到熟词辨义和生词辨义。据统计，四级全真题中的词义题以生词辨义为主，如何根据语境判断词义是考生应特别注意的问题。语境猜词法的方法多种多样，有定义、解释、举例、句内结构（借助关联词、标点符号等找出逻辑关系）、语义关系（同义、反义、上下文）。如：
Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. （下略）
27．The word “perfectionists” refers to those who ________.
A) pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objective B) know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstances C) are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do D) demand others to get everything absolutely right.
本题根据解释来进行推测。第3句话对perfectionists进行了解释 “struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they larger they work toward”，其意思是：以牺牲要做的大事为代价而注意一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事。由此可见，perfectionists（完美主义者）是一种事无巨细一概追求尽善尽美，但往往又失去主要目标的人。因此答案为A）。
有些时候考生也可根据构词法知识来推测生词的含义。例如对一些派生词，考生只要将其进行分解，分出词根与前后缀，一般都可以猜出其含义。如： “transcontinental”一词，可把它分解成
trans-(越，绕过)
前缀
continent(大陆、陆地) 词根
-al
后缀
那么它的含义就迎刃而解，合成词也可根据分割法来猜测其含义。如newspaper(报纸)分别由news和paper(纸)组成，blackboard(黑板)由black(黑色的)与board(木板)组成等。应特别注意的
是，对于在特定语境中词义发生转移的题，考生应提高警惕，依据上下文确定其含义（contextual meaning），切忌断章取义、望文生义。如：
People who maintain eye contact with speaking, whether form a podium or from across the table, are regarded not only as exceptionally well-disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest.
The word “target” can best be replaced by ________.
A) destination B) goal C) audience D) followers
因为 “target”对考生来说并不陌生，所以许多考生往往乍一看题，立即选B），但实际上B）只是干扰项，在此题中target词义已发生转化，变为“听众”，所以应选C）。
（2）语句释义题
释义性题的答案不过将原文较难、较复杂的句子改头换面而已，或改正说为反说，或改复杂为简单，或运用加减数字。这类题的解题关键是对照与判断。考生将选项逐一与原文对应部分对照比较，找出最接近的一个答案。如下题：
President Coolidge’s statement, “The business of America is business”, still point to an important truth today that business institutions have more prestige in American society than any other organizations, including the government. Why do business institutions possess this great prestige?
26. The statement “The business of America is business” probably means “______”. A) the business institutions in America are concerned with commerce B) business problems are of great importance to the American government C) business is of primary concern to Americans D) America is a great power in world business
美国总统柯立芝的这句名言应理解为“美国的事务即商务”。第一个business意为“事务，所关心的事”，第二个business意为“商务，生意”，选项C）对这句话进行了解释，所以应选C）。
（3）语义指代题
这类题型主要考察考生对相关成分复指关系的辨别能力。替代词一般是代词。如it, they, them, such等，有时也可是名词。
做此类题时，应按照以下思路进行。
（1） 与该代词或名词最近的名词或名词短语往往都是答案；
（2） 如果该词所在的句子里找不到替代词，就从该词顺着往上找，一定可找到答案； （3） 替代词要与it, them等保持性质一致；
（4） 找完后要通读一下，保证逻辑关系正确。 例如：
The statuses we assume of us can vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.
In the last sentence of the paragraph, the pronoun “it” refers to “________”.
A) fitting our actions to those of other people appropriately B) identification of other people’s statuses C) selecting one’s own statuses D) constant mental process
在本题中， “it”应指代上文中出现的与其性、数一致的名词，我们在最后一句话 “Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly”中，从 “it”往上寻，找到 “task”，我们回头通读上下文，意思连贯，所以选A）。 3. 一些窍门
除上述列举的答题技巧外，还有一些比较灵活的小窍门，列举如下，供大家参考： 1） 2）
文章的题目要求（directions）可省略不看，因为其要求其本固定，考生早已知晓。 “在第遍阅读问题后面的四个选择项时，不必仔细地一个不漏地全部看完，有的只需看一
两个，或用眼一扫，只要弄清问题的性质或类型即可。例如：
Normally a student would at least attend _________ classes each week. A)36 B) 12 C) 20 D) 15
对于这个题后的四个选项，只要看一眼便知道所问的是有关数字的问题，所以不需将四个数字全部看完。
3） 切忌看一个问题找一次原文，应昼避免在文章和问题之间的往返，以节省时间。
4） 本着先易后难的原则先做熟悉的题材，避免在个别篇章或难题上花过多的时间。在不能确定答案的情况下可采用排除法。
5） 在考试即将结束而考生还有一个passage没做时，可用查阅法（scanning）快速找出答案。
6） 若有剩余时间，可将每个passage的五个答案通读一遍，避免各个答案互相矛盾。当然，在不能确定答案时，可故意保留彼此矛盾的答案，以提高正确率。
7） 有些考生习惯于在试题册中做出全部答案，然后再一并涂到答案纸上。这种方法看似节省时间，其实花费时间并不少，而且同时往答案纸上涂数十个答案，难免出错，较好的方法是做一道题涂一个答案。注意不要涂错行。
二、词汇与语法结构
(Vocabulary and Structure)
词汇和语法结构（Vocabulary and Structure）共40题，考试时间30分钟。每题分分值为0.5分，共20分。词汇部分主要测试考生运用英语词汇及由这些词汇构成的短语的能力。这部分试题常用的出题形式是在每道题中（通常是一句或两句话）留有一个空格，后面有四个选择项，要求考生从四个选择项中选取一个最佳答案，使原句从语法和意义上重归完整。
I．试题特点
1．词汇部分
词汇是听、说、读、写等语言技能的基础和根本，在考试中，对词汇的测试实际贯穿在听力、词汇、阅读、综合填空和写作等各个项目中。实践证明，没有足够的词汇作基础，听说读写译等技能就无从谈起。词汇量的大小与词汇运用能力的高低必然会直接影响到其他各个部分的得分，从而会影响整个答题效果。
从各类考试的分析来看，词汇题主要测试词义和搭配两大内容。词义方面主要测试词类相同而词义不同的词、词形相似而词义不同的词、同义词、近义词、派生词、易混词等；搭配方面主要测试介词与其他词类固定搭配与使用的能力，如名词与介词的搭配、动词与介词的搭配、形容词与介词的搭配等。下面对这些重点进行详细讲解。
1)
词类相同词义不同的词或词组，用以测试考生认词的能力，只要熟悉词义，根据句意即
可选择。如：
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