例:(1)、He cannot go to school because he is ill.他因为生病不能上学。 (2)、He cannot go to school because of his illness. (四)、让步状语从句
1、让步状语从句表示:尽管?,或无论?,常用though/although, as(尽
管),even if/though, however, wherever, whatever, whomever, no matter how/where/what/who/whom等引导。Despite、in spite of(尽管)。
例:(1)、In short, wherever he lives, a man belongs to some society. (where引导让步状语,wherever=no matter where) (2)、Whoever you are, you must show your ticket to go into the
cinema.
(3)Even if you disagree with her, her idea is still worth considering. 2、as引起的让步状语从句的构成是:形容词/副词/名词/分词+as+主语+
谓语动词。
例:(1)、Young as he is, he knows what is the right thing to do. (2)、Child as he is, he knows quite a lot about society. (3)、Much as he likes her, he gets annoyed(打扰)with her sometimes. (4)、Published as it was at such a time, his book still attracted much
attention.
第七节 主谓一致
一、名词physics(物理),maths(数学),news,means(方法),works(工厂)等一般被
认为形式是复数形式,意思是单数的名词,它们作主语的时候动词一般用但属性是。 例:(1)、The news coming from different parts of the world is often extremely discouraging
these days.
(2)、Every means has been trid.
二、动名词、不定式、从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
例:When and where the new hospital will be built remain a mystery. 三、当主语是a number+of+复数名词时,翻译为“许多?”,谓语动词用复数;当主语
是the number+of+可数或不可数名词时,翻译为“?的数目”,谓语动词用单数。 例:(1)、The number of errors made by him was surprising. (2)、A number of cars are parked in front of my house. 四、当主语由as well as等词修饰时的主谓一致。当句中的主语后接with,as well as,along
with,together with,including,accompanied by,but等短语+名词(代词)时,主语与谓语的一致关系不受影响,主语是单数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式,主语是复数形式时,谓语动词用复数形式, 例:(1)、John, along with twenty friends, is planning a party. 约翰和二十个朋友正在计划句型一个集会。 (2)、No one but Jane and Tom was there then.
那时除了珍妮和汤姆之外,没有别人在那儿。
五、当用and连接的名词前有each,every等修饰而形成“each?and?”或者“every?
and every?”结构时,谓语动词用单数。 例:(1)Each soldier and sailor was given a gun.每个战士和水手都被发放了一支枪。 (2)In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education. 六、当主语是由many a/more/ than one+单数名词构成时,谓语动词用单数。
例:Many singer is to attend our evening party.许多歌唱家将参加我们的晚会。
七、表示度量(金钱、重量、容积、长度)和时间等的复数名词做主语时,常被看做一
个整体,谓语动词用单数。 例:(1)Two hundred miles is a long distance.
(2)Six thousand dollars is a large sum of money to her.
八、由not only?but also,either?or,neither?nor或者or连接并列主语时,通常采用
就近原则,谓语动词的单复数形式与最靠近它的名词或代词保持一致。 例:(1)Either I or he is responsible for it.
(2)Neither your unkind words nor your unfriendly attitude has offended me. (3)Not only he but also his family members are interested in foot ball match. (4)There is one book and two pens on the desk.
九、在定语从句中,当前面的先行词是“one of+复数名词”时,后面定语从句中的谓
语动词用复数形式;当前面的先行词是“the/the only one of+复数名词”时,后面定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式。 例:(1)Tom is one of the students who have got the prize.
(2)Tom is the only one of the students who has got the prize.
第八节 倒装句
一、否定句放置句首时,助动词或be动词要放置在主语的前面,构成倒装。常用的否
定词有:not, few, little, no longer, no more, not only, not until, scarcely, rarely, seldom(罕见),at no time, by no means, in no way, under no circumstance, no sooner?than, hardly?when等。
例:(1)Not until I reminded him for the third time did he stop working and look up. (2)Little do they realize the importance of wearing seat belts while driving. (3)No sooner had we sat down than we found it was time to go. 二、“only+状语(副词/介词结构/状语从句)”位于句首时句子要到装。 例:(1)Only under such a condition will he make steady progress. 只有在这样的条件下,他才会取得扎实的进步。 (2)Only this morning did I hear the sad news. 我今天早晨才听到这不幸的消息。 三、nor,neither,so用于句首时,句子要到装 例:(1)So little did I know about stock exchange that the lecture was completely beyond
me.
(2)I didn’t finish reading that French book, neither did he.
第九节 强调结构
一、强调句型的基本形式It is(was)+被强调部分+that?。 例:It is on each individual(个别的,单独的)effort(努力) that the safety and happiness
of the whole depend.
二、强调句型用来强调状语
例(1)It was in that small room that they worked hard and dreamed of better days to
come.
(2)It is because she is very devoted to(专心于) her students that she is respected
by them.
(3)It was not until she arrived in class that she realized she had forgotten her book.
第十节 附加疑问句
一、附加疑问句的基本用法
附加疑问句往往放在陈述句的后面,形成陈述句+附加问句的结构。一般的规则是:
前肯定,后否定;前否定,后肯定。
例:(1)He had to finish the work yesterday, did he?
(2)There won’t be any concert this Saturday evening, will there? 二、含有否定词的用法
若陈述句部分已有表示否定的hardly,scarcely(仅仅,几乎不),never,seldom等
词时,反问句部分要用肯定。
例:(1)She scarcely cares for anything, does she?
(2)You never told me you have seen the film, did you? 三、祈使句:祈使句的附加疑问句一般都是“will you?”,但是对于let引起的祈使句,
当与宾语缩写(Let’s)时,用“shall we?”形式。
例:(1)Please let us have more time, will you? (2)Let’s go, shall we?
(3)Don’t forget to write to me, will you?
四、特殊用法:如果句子的主语是第一人称,且由谓语动词think、believe和suppose
引起从句时,附加疑问句要和从句保持一致,如果谓语动词是think、believe和suppose的否定形式,要实行否定转移,把从句看作是否定的,附加疑问句仍要和从句保持一致。
例:(1)I suppose you’re serious, aren’t you?
(2)I don’t think you’ve heard of him before, have you?
Why not + do+ sth = why don’t you do sth A+倍数+as+adj/adv+as+B+v A+倍数+比较级+than+B+v
A+倍数+名词(尺寸、宽度等)+of+B The river is three times length of ??
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