and high scores on happiness.
49. According to one of the author of a new study, what makes life meaningful may not make people happy.
50. Experiments were carried out to determine our body's genetic expression of feelings of happiness and meaning.
51. A new study claims happiness may not contribute to health.
52. According to the researchers, taking makes for happiness while giving adds meaning to life. 53. Evidence from research shows that it takes meaning for people to thrive.
54. With regard to gene expression patterns, happy people with little or no sense of meaning in life are found to be similar to those suffering from chronic adversity.
55. Most books on happiness today assert that happiness is beneficial to health.
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.
Nothing succeeds in business books like the study of success. The current business-book boom was launched in 1982 by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman with In Search of Excellence. The trend has continued with a succession of experts and would-be experts who promise to distil the essence of excellence into three (or five or seven) simple rules.
The Three Rules is a self-conscious contribution to this type of writing; it even includes a bibliography of \Deloitte, that is determined to turn itself into more of a thought-leader and less a corporate repairman. They employ all the tricks of the success books. They insist that their conclusions are \and actionable\— guides to behaviour rather than analysis for its own sake. Success authors usually serve up vivid stories about how exceptional businesspeople stamped their personalities on a company or rescued it from a life-threatening crisis. Messrs Raynor and Ahmed are happier chewing the numbers: they provide detailed appendices on \of advantage\
The authors spent five years studying the behaviour of their 344 \come up at first with nothing. Every hunch (直觉) led to a blind alley and every hypothesis to a dead end. It was only when they shifted their attention from how companies behave to how they think that they began to make sense of their voluminous material.
Management is all about making difficult tradeoffs in conditions that are always uncertain and often fast-changing. But exceptional companies approach these tradeoffs with two simple rules in mind, sometimes consciously, sometimes unconsciously. First: better before cheaper. Companies are more likely to succeed in the long run if they compete on quality or performance than on price.
Second: revenue before cost. Companies have more to gain in the long run from driving up revenue than by driving down costs.
Most success studies suffer from two faults. There is \halo (光环) effect\whereby good performance leads commentators to attribute all manner of virtues to anything and everything the company does. These virtues then suddenly become vices when the company falters. Messrs Raynor and Ahmed work hard to avoid these mistakes by studying large bodies of data over several decades. But they end up embracing a different error: stating the obvious. Most businesspeople will not be surprised to learn that it is better to find a profitable niche (缝隙市场) and focus on boosting your revenues than to compete on price and cut your way to success. The difficult question is how to find that profitable niche and protect it. There, The Three Rules is less useful.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
56. What kind of business books are most likely to sell well? A) Books on excellence. B) Guides to management. C) Books on business rules. D) Analyses of market trends.
57. What does the author imply about books on success so far? A) They help businessmen one way or another. B) They are written by well-recognised experts. C) They more or less fall into the same stereotype. D) They are based on analyses of corporate leaders.
58. How does The Three Rules differ from other success books according to the passage? A) It focuses on the behavior of exceptional businessmen. B) It bases its detailed analysis on large amounts of data. C) It offers practicable advice to businessmen. D) It draws conclusions from vivid examples.
59. What does the passage any contributes to the success of exceptional companies? A) Focus on quality and revenue. B) Management and sales promotion.
C) Lower production costs and competitive prices. D) Emphasis on after-sale service and maintenance. 60. What is the author's comment on The Three Rules?
A) It can help to locate profitable niches. B) It has little to offer to businesspeople. C) It is noted for its detailed data analysis. D) It fails to identify the keys to success.
Passage Two
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage.
Until recently, the University of Kent prided itself on its friendly image. Not any more. Over the past few months it has been working hard, with the help of media consultants, to play down its cosy reputation in favour of something more academic and serious.
Kent is not alone in considering an image revamp (翻新). Changes to next year's funding regime are forcing universities to justify charging students up to ￡9,000 in fees.
Nowadays universities are putting much more of a focus on their brands and what their value propositions are. While in the past universities have often focused on student social life and attractions of the university town in recruitment campaigns, they are now concentrating on more tangible (实在的) attractions, such as employment prospects, engagement with industry, and lecturer contact hours, making clear exactly what students are going to get for their money.
The problem for universities is that if those benefits fail to materialise, students notice. That worries Rob Behrens, who deals with student complaints. \need to be extremely careful in describing what's going to happen to students,\greater for attracting gifted students, there is a danger that universities will go the extra mile.\
One university told prospective engineering students they would be able to design a car and race it at Brands Hatch, which never happened, he says. Others have promised use of sophisticated equipment that turned out to be broken or unavailable. \handling complaints and appeals appropriately as they spend on marketing, they would do better at keeping students, and in the National Student Survey returns.\
Ongoing research tracking prospective 2012 students suggests that they are not only becoming more sophisticated in thinking about what they want from a university, but are also spending more time researching evidence to back up institutional claims.
Hence the growing importance of the student survey. From next September, all institutions will also be expected to publish on their websites key information sets, allowing easier comparison between institutions, between promises and reality, and the types of jobs and salaries graduates go on to.
As a result, it is hardly surprising that universities are beginning to change the way they market themselves. While the best form of marketing for institutions is to be good at what they do, they also need to be clear about how they are different from others.
And it is vital that once an institution claims to be particularly good at something, it must live up to it. The moment you position yourself, you become exposed, and if you fail in that you are in trouble.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。
61. What was the University of Kent famous for? A) Its comfortable campus life. B) Its up-to-date course offerings. C) Its distinguished teaching staff. D) Its diverse academic programmes.
62. What arc universities trying to do to attract students? A) Improve their learning environment. B) Offer more scholarships to the gifted. C) Upgrade their campus facilities. D) Present a better academic images.
63. What does Rod Behrens suggest universities do in marketing themselves? A) Publicise the achievements of their graduates. B) Go to extra lengths cater to students' needs.
C) Refrain from making promises they cannot honour. D) Survey the expectations of their prospective students.
64. What is students' chief consideration in choosing a university? A) Whether it promises the best job prospects. B) Whether it is able to deliver what they want. C) Whether it ranks high among similar institutions. D) Whether it offers opportunities for practical training.
65. What must universities show to win recruitment campaigns? A) They are positioned to meet the future needs of society. B) They are responsible to students for their growth. C) They are ever ready to improve themselves. D) They are unique one way or another. Part Ⅳ Translation (30 minutes)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.
中国将努力确保到2015年就业者接受过平均13.3年的教育。如果这一目标得以实现，今后大部分进入劳动力市场的人都需获得大学文凭。
在未来几年，中国将着力增加职业学院的招生人数：除了关注高等教育外，还将寻找新的突破以确保教育制度更加公平。中国正在努力最佳地利用教育资源，这样农村和欠发达地区将获得更多的支持。
教育部还决定改善欠发达地区学生的营养，并为外来务工人员的子女提供在城市接受教育的同等机会
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