论文：建筑设计防火规范中若干问题探讨

problems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature nd purity, and to enhance the ability of partcommittees and leading cadres are good people. Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. \d is summed up these new things, be promoted. \d manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people \happy\omise\point and destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a series of important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC Central Committemade on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out the mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that \nd developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route\can always maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadres should develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party建筑设计防火规范中若干问题探讨

时间:2010-12-16 15:11来源:未知 作者:许姗姗

摘要:本文结合建审工作实际,以规范合并修订为契机,对现行建筑设计防火规范中一些不明确的问题进行分析探讨 关键词:建筑设计 防火规范 0 引言 随着现代社会经济的快速发展,建筑的越来越复杂化、多元化和综合化给消防设计带来了难度和进一步的挑战。

摘要:本文结合建审工作实际,以规范合并修订为契机,对现行建筑设计防火规范中一些不明确的问题进行分析探讨

关键词:建筑设计 防火规范 0 引言

随着现代社会经济的快速发展,建筑的越来越复杂化、多元化和综合化给消防设计带来了难度和进一步的挑战。随着高层建筑、超高层建筑、各种功能复杂的大型建筑、各类新型场所不断涌现,现行的防火设计规范要紧跟时代步伐,与时俱进,才能更有效的防止和减少建筑火灾危害,保护人身和财产安全。笔者结合建审工作实际,以此次规范合并修订为契机,对现行《建筑设计防火规范》(GB50016-2006)和《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》(GB50045-95)(2005年版)中一些不明确的问题进行了分析探讨。

1 《建筑设计防火规范》与《公共娱乐场所消防安全管理规定》存在三处不一致的地方 《公共娱乐场所消防安全管理规定》第十三条在地下建筑内设置公共娱乐场所,除符合本规定其他条款的要求外,还应当符合下列规定:①只允许设在地下一层;②通往地面的安全出口不应少于二个,安全出口、楼梯和走道宽度应当符合有关建筑设计防火规范的规定;③应当设置机械防烟排烟设施;④应当设置火灾自动报警系统和自动喷水灭火系统;⑤严禁使用液化石油气。

根据《公共娱乐场所消防安全管理规定》第二条,公共娱乐场所是指:①剧院、录像厅、礼堂等演出、放映场所;②舞厅、卡拉OK厅等歌舞娱乐场所;③具有娱乐功能的夜总会、音乐茶座和餐饮场所;④ 游艺、游乐场所;⑤保龄球馆、旱冰场、桑拿浴室等营业性健身、休闲场所。由此可见,公共娱乐场所包含的范畴较大,其中包括歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所,因此歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所设置在地下建筑内时,也应当执行《公共娱乐场所消防安全管理规定》第十三条的相关规定。

1.1 《建筑设计防火规范》第9.1.3条第5款 设置在一、二、三层且房间建筑面积大于200m2或设置在四层及四层以上或地下、半地下的歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所应设置排烟设施;第9.2.1条第1款 按本规范第9.1.3条规定应设置排烟设施且具备自然排烟条件的场所宜设置自然排烟设施;第9.4.1条设置排烟设施的场所当不具备自然排烟条件时,应设置机械排烟设施。根据以上条款,得出结论:设置在地下的歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所也可以采用自然排烟方式,且对于设置在地下的其他公共娱乐场所未提及。

1.2 《建筑设计防火规范》第8.5.1条第6款设置在地下、半地下或地上四层及四层以上或设置在建筑的首层、二层和三层且任一层建筑面积大于300m2的地上歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所(游泳场所除外),应设置自动灭火系统。得出结论:未提及设置在地下的其他公共娱乐场所。

1.3 《建筑设计防火规范》第11.4.1条第10款设置在地下、半地下或建筑的地上四层及四层以上的歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所应设置火灾自动报警系统。得出结论:未提及设置在地下的其他公共娱乐场所论文代写。

由此看出,《建筑设计防火规范》与《公共娱乐场所消防安全管理规定》存在三处不一

f third generation Central led collective, banner Deng Xiao-ping's theory great flag, insisted liberation thought, and facts, and times, in both at home and abroad political storm, and economic risk, severe test before, relies on party and people, defended China features Socialist, created socialist market new system, created full open new situation, advance party of construction new of great engineering, founded \e a representative\nt thought, Continue to steer the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right. Comrade Jiang Zemin said: \ngthening and improving the party's mass work in the new situation, it is of decisive significance to consolidating the ruling Foundation of the party. \ough our party and some of the world's major lessons learned from the success of the old party of the party, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out:\biggest political advantage of our party is in close contact with the masses, the most dangerous after the ruling party was divorced from the masses. \d:\construction, only the understanding, support and participation of the people, people's enthusiasm and creativity into full play in order to advance; the leadership of the party, only the tie and win the masses embraced, can be consolidated and strengthened. \out that strengthening and improving the party's work style construction, maintaining the party's flesh-and-blood ties with the masses is the core problem, the key is to do solid work, implement, resolutely oppose and overcome formalism. Comrade Jiang Zemin stressed that all the work and policies of the party, are in compliance with the undamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people to the highest degree, to the majority of people are not satisfied with the fundamental guidelines, strive to make our workers, farmers, intellectuals and other people enjoy ... Single, everyone seemed to know. But well known does not mean perfect. Some party members and leadingcadres, consider contacting their small departments, within a small circle of people, or contact individual owners, the entrepreneur, is the masses, this idea is obviously not correct. The Communist Party of China, people should have three characteristics. First, the people should be the most social, is a Department within the scope of the majority. Specific to the party and Government departments, especially the cadres working in the Central and State organs, mass is the 1.3 billion Chinese people, work for the party members and cadres, masses are the land within the jurisdiction of the common people. The second characteristic of the masses, is that we have common interests. Masses are manifestations of each specific people, but the crowd is a comprehensive political concept, refers to people with common political and economic interests in the period of social transformation, social differentiation between the interests of the masses is large, if you do not find the interest in doing mass work, the party members and cadres, will be in a passive position. The third characteristic of the massesproblems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature and purity, and to enhance the ability of partcommittees and leading cadres are good people. Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. \d is summed up these new things, be promoted. \d manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people \happy\omise\point and destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a series of important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC Central Committemade on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out te mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that \nd developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route\can always maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadres should develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party致的地方,《公共娱乐场所消防安全管理规定》对于设置在地下建筑内的公共娱乐场所要求设置机械防烟排烟设施、火灾自动报警系统和自动喷水灭火系统,而《建筑设计防火规范》却对于设置在地下建筑内的公共娱乐场所未做要求。因此在执行规范的时候,对于设置在地下建筑内的公共娱乐场所是否需要设置自动消防设施,存在一定的困难和困惑。

鉴于公共娱乐场所经营时间长,人员较密集,设置在地下建筑内时更加增大了火灾危险性,综合这些不利因素,对于设置在地下的公共娱乐场所也应当设置自动消防设施,对于防排烟问题,可以采取自然排烟和机械排烟相结合,具备自然排烟条件的场所宜设置自然排烟设施,当不具备自然排烟条件时,应当设置机械排烟设施。笔者建议在《建筑设计防火规范》和《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》合并修订时,能将以上问题做进一步明确。

2 《建筑设计防火规范》和《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》中对歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所的相关规定存在很多不同之处,在执行规范时容易产生混淆,应进一步提高统一性和可行性 《建筑设计防火规范》对歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所的设置要求分散在第五章、第七章、第八章、第九章、第十一章等五个章节里,分别是第5.1.14 条、第5.1.15条、第5.3.8条、第5.3.12条、第5.3.17条、第7.2.2条、第8.5.1条、第9.1.3条、第11.3.5条、第11.4.1条。而《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》对歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所的设置要求进行了一定汇总,主要集中在规范的第四章第4.1.5A 条文中。那么,设置在多层民用建筑和高层民用建筑内的歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所在防火设计方面,主要有哪些不同之处?

2.1 设置在多层民用建筑里内,歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所可以布置在袋形走道的两侧或尽端时,但要满足最远房间的疏散门至最近安全出口的距离不应大于9m的要求;设置在高层民用建筑内,歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所不能布置在袋形走道的两侧或尽端。

2.2 设置在多层民用建筑的任何一层,对于建筑面积≤50m2的厅室或房间,可设置一个出口;设置在高层民用建筑的地下、四层及四层以上时,对于建筑面积<50m2的厅室,可设置一个出口,对于设置在首层、二层、三层时,按照建筑面积≤60m2的厅室,可设置一个出口。 (高规中位于两个安全出口之间的房间,建筑面积≤60m2,可设置一个疏散门,位于走道尽端的房间,建筑面积≤75m2,可设置一个疏散门,因为高层民用建筑里的歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所不能布置在袋形走道的两侧或尽端,因此,对于设置在高层民用建筑的首层、二层、三层的歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所,应参考≤60m2标准执行此项规定。)

2.3 排烟方面存在不同 相同点:不论歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所设置在多层建筑还是高层建筑内,内走道都应按要求设置排烟设施。而对于房间就有所区别:

2.3.1 多层民用建筑:设置在一、二、三层,建筑面积>200m2的房间需要设置排烟设施;设置在四层及四层以上或地下、半地下,不论房间面积大小,都需要设置排烟设施。

2.3.2 高层民用建筑:设置在地上部分,建筑面积>100m2的房间需要设置排烟设施;地下部分各房间总面积>200m2或一个房间面积>50m2需要设置排烟设施。

结论:对于设置在建筑的一、二、三层的歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所,需要设置排烟设施的房间面积高层(>100m2)较多层(>200m2)严格;对于设置在四层及四层以上或地下、半地下的,多层较高层严格。

2.4 疏散宽度的要求和计算有所区别 《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》第4.1.5A条中明确规定歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所在计算疏散宽度时,面积按厅室的建筑面积计算,而在《建筑设计防火规范》对此并未明确。另外,高层和多层的百人净宽度要求不同,(多层建筑:设置在一、二层按0.65米/100人计算;设置在三层按0.75米/100人计算;设置在四层及四层以上按1米/100人计算;设置在地下建筑内又分为与地面出入口高差≤10米的按0.75米/100人计算;与地面出入口高差>10米的按1米/100人计算;高层建筑:按照1米 /100人计算。)因此,在计算疏散宽度时,存在很大的不同。

综合以上情况,歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所设置在多层建筑和高层建筑中有很大的不同,在执

f third generation Central led collective, banner Deng Xiao-ping's theory great flag, insisted liberation thought, and facts, and times, in both at home and abroad political storm, and economic risk, severe test before, relies on party and people, defended China features Socialist, created socialist market new system, created full open new situation, advance party of construction new of great engineering, founded \e a representative\nt thought, Continue to steer the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right. Comrade Jiang Zemin said: \ngthening and improving the party's mass work in the new situation, it is of decisive significance to consolidating the ruling Foundation of the party. \ough our party and some of the world's major lessons learned from the success of the old party of the party, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out:\biggest political advantage of our party is in close contact with the masses, the most dangerous after the ruling party was divorced from the masses. \d:\construction, only the understanding, support and participation of the people, people's enthusiasm and creativity into full play in order to advance; the leadership of the party, only the tie and win the masses embraced, can be consolidated and strengthened. \out that strengthening and improving the party's work style construction, maintaining the party's flesh-and-blood ties with the masses is the core problem, the key is to do solid work, implement, resolutely oppose and overcome formalism. Comrade Jiang Zemin stressed that all the work and policies of the party, are in compliance with the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people to the highest degree, to the majority of people are not satisfied with the fundamental guidelines, strive to make our workers, farmers, intellectuals and other people enjoy ... Single, everyone seemed to know. But well known does not mean perfect. Some party members and leadingcadres, consider contacting their small departments, within a small circle of people, or contact individual owners, the entrepreneur, is the masses, this idea is obviously not correct. The Communist Party of China, people should have three characteristics. First, the people should be the most social, is a Department within the scope of the majority. Specific to the party and Government departments, especially the cadres working in the Central and State organs, mass is the 1.3 billion Chinese people, work for the party members and cadres, masses are the land within the jurisdiction of the common people. The second characteristic of the masses, is that we have common interests. Masses are manifestations of each specific people, but the crowd is a comprehensive political concept, refers to people with common political and economic interests in the period of social transformation, social differentiation between the interests of the masses is large, if you do not find the interest in doing mass work, the party members and cadres, will be in a passive position. The third characteristic of the massesproblems that cannot be ignored. Some leaders unwilling to do masses work, masses concept weak, on masses feelings not deep, pendulum not are with masses of relationship, think masses work is revolutionary war era of things, now obsolete has, buried business work, ignored masses work of situation compared General; some leaders not do masses work, old method regardless of with, new not with, not understand masses psychological, not understand masses wishes, not said masses language, work method simple stiff, caused masses of conflict and antipathy; some leaders can't do masses work, Faced with a lot of contradictions among the people worry about fear, panic set in encounter group events, and some are even mismanaged, inflame, so work has suffered heavy losses, and so on. These problems we are soberly aware, enhancing the party's ruling capability, the maintenance and development of the party's advanced nature and purity, and to enhance the ability of partcommittees and leading cadres are good people. Attach great importance to and is good at doing mass work, has become the new urgent situation strengthening the party's governing capacity-building tasks. Combined practice of maintaining flesh-and-blood ties with the masses, urged the broad masses of party members and cadres, especially all levels ... Processing to improve as a guide to the country. \d is summed up these new things, be promoted. \d manifestation of the Deng Xiaoping's mass. Deng also put people \happy\omise\point and destination of developing guidelines, policies, and as the only standard for measuring compliance with the wishes of the masses of the people. Under the guidance of Deng Xiaoping theory, Central Government adopted a series of important measures to strengthen links with the masses. In December 1989, the CPC Central Committemade on adhering to and perfecting the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, closely for CPC and the democratic parties and the relationship between the part of the masses that they contact, effectively carrying out the mass line, played a positive role. In March 1990, the 13 plenary session adopted the decision on strengthening contacts with the masses of the Party noted that \nd developed in the long struggle of the party's mass line, is to realize the party's ideological line, the fundamental political and organizational work route\can always maintain flesh-and-blood ties and development of the masses, is directly related to the rise and fall of the rise and fall of the party and State. In September 1994, 14 adopted by the plenary session of the Party on strengthening decision on several major issues of party building. The requirements of the decision of the party's leading bodies and leading cadres should develop a democratic style of work, come from the masses, to the masses, together, stick to the mass line. Party of 13 session four in the plenary yihou, to Jiang comrade for core of party行规范时容易产生混淆,建议规范在合并修订时能将此问题进行进一步统一,提高规范的可行性。

3 一些新型场所的属性问题

《建筑设计防火规范》第5.1.15条和《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》第4.1.5A条中提及的歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所包括:歌舞厅、录像厅、夜总会、放映厅、卡拉OK厅(含具有卡拉OK功能的餐厅)、游艺厅(含电子游艺厅)、桑拿浴室(不含洗浴部分)、网吧等。在实际工作中,常常会遇到其他一些场所,在执行规范的时候有一定困难,比如:酒吧、台球厅、棋牌室、浴足房等场所。

根据《公共娱乐场所消防安全管理规定》第二条规定,酒吧、台球厅、棋牌室、浴足房等场所,均属于公共娱乐场所,但以上场所是否属于歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所,并未有明确的规定。而在《国家建筑标准设计图集》的《建筑设计防火规范图示》(编号:GJBT-881,图集号:05SJ811)第47页第5.1.15条图示举例中,将台球厅、棋牌室也列入了歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所的范围。通过近年来发生的火灾事故情况来看,酒吧相比台球厅、棋牌室、浴足房等场所火灾危险性大得多,笔者建议在《建筑设计防火规范》和《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》合并修订时,将酒吧纳入歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所范畴,执行歌舞娱乐放映游艺场所的相关规定。而对于台球厅、棋牌室、浴足房等场所因火灾危险性较小,列入公共娱乐场所的范畴,执行公共娱乐场所的相关规定即可。

4 《建筑设计防火规范》中产生歧义的条文

《建筑设计防火规范》第11.4.1条第八款规定:设置火灾自动报警系统的场所包括老年人建筑、任一楼层建筑面积大于1500m2或总建筑面积大于3000m2的旅馆建筑、疗养院的病房楼、儿童活动场所和不小于200床位的医院的门诊楼、病房楼、手术部等。

第11.4.1条第八款这种排列有歧义,对于疗养院的病房楼、儿童活动场所是不论规模大小都设置,还是按照任一楼层建筑面积大于1500m2或总建筑面积大于3000m2的标准执行,在条文说明中也并未明确。考虑到疗养院和儿童活动场所与老年人建筑比较接近,使用人员都属于老弱病残群体,缺乏逃生自救能力,发生火灾时,疏散比较困难,极易造成人员伤亡事故,因此,在执行规范时,应参考老年人建筑执行。笔者建议在《建筑设计防火规范》和《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》合并修订时,将这一问题做进一步明确,并在其他条文修订时,更加规范明确,杜绝产生歧义的情况发生,提高规范的严谨性、可行性。

f third generation Central led collective, banner Deng Xiao-ping's theory great flag, insisted liberation thought, and facts, and times, in both at home and abroad political storm, and economic risk, severe test before, relies on party and people, defended China features Socialist, created socialist market new system, created full open new situation, advance party of construction new of great engineering, founded \e a representative\nt thought, Continue to steer the ship of reform and opening up forward on the right. Comrade Jiang Zemin said: \ngthening and improving the party's mass work in the new situation, it is of decisive significance to consolidating the ruling Foundation of the party. \ough our party and some of the world's major lessons learned from the success of the old party of the party, Comrade Jiang Zemin pointed out:\biggest political advantage of our party is in close contact with the masses, the most dangerous after the ruling party was divorced from the masses. \d:\construction, only the understanding, support and participation of the people, people's enthusiasm and creativity into full play in order to advance; the leadership of the party, only the tie and win the masses embraced, can be consolidated and strengthened. \out that strengthening and improving the party's work style construction, maintaining the party's flesh-and-blood ties with the masses is the core problem, the key is to do solid work, implement, resolutely oppose and overcome formalism. Comrade Jiang Zemin stressed that all the work and policies of the party, are in compliance with the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people to the highest degree, to the majority of people are not satisfied with the fundamental guidelines, strive to make our workers, farmers, intellectuals and other people enjoy ... Single, everyone seemed to know. But well known does not mean perfect. Some party members and leadingcadres, consider contacting their small departments, within a small circle of people, or contact individual owners, the entrepreneur, is the masses, this idea is obviously not correct. The Communist Party of China, people should have three characteristics. First, the people should be the most social, is a Department within the scope of the majority. Specific to the party and Government departments, especially the cadres working in the Central and State organs, mass is the 1.3 billion Chinese people, work for the party members and cadres, masses are the land within the jurisdiction of the common people. The second characteristic of the masses, is that we have common interests. Masses are manifestations of each specific people, but the crowd is a comprehensive political concept, refers to people with common political and economic interests in the period of social transformation, social differentiation between the interests of the masses is large, if you do not find the interest in doing mass work, the party members and cadres, will be in a passive position. The third characteristic of the masses